Twelfth Night Essays: Three Types of Love -- Twelfth Night essays

Three Types of Love in Twelfth Night In the play Twelfth Night, Shakespeare explores and illustrates the emotion of have intercourse with precise detail. According to Websters New World Dictionary, love is defined as a strong affection or liking for someone. Throughout the play Shakespeare examines three different types of love true love, self love and friendship. Twelfth Night consists of a large number of love triangles, however spelly of the characters who are tangled up in the web of love are blind to see that their emotions and feelings toward other characters are untrue and found merely on falsification. They are being deceived by themselves and/or the others around them. There are certain instances in the play where the emotion of love is true, and the two people involved feel very strongly toward one another. Violas love for Orsino is a great example of true love. Although she is pretending to be a man and is virtually unknown in Illyria, she hopes to win the Dukes hea rt. In act 1, scene 4, Viola lets out her true feelings for Cesario, yet a barful strife Whoeer I woo, myself would be his wife (1). That statement becomes true when Viola reveals her true identity. Viola and Orsino had a particularly good friendship, and making the switch to husband and wife was easy. Viola was caught up in another true love scena... ... Tobys company because he always lifts his spirits and makes him feel like a true knight. Love is a present theme within literature. Love plays a major role in Twelfth Night, and Shakespeare addresses true love, self love, and friendship in a very get and interesting way. Twelfth Night helps the reader form their own definition of love, and Shakespeare does a great job of explaining a topic with many dimensions. Work Cited and Consulted David, R. W., ed. The Arden Shakespeare Loves Labours Lost. capital of the United Kingdom Methuen, 1951. Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare. Edited Stephen Greenblatt et al. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.

Breast Feeding is Best Essay -- breast-feeding

ArgumentativeBreast is BestIf one chooses to have a child, shouldnt he or she be obligated to do what is best for that child? There are many important choices to contact for that child, and some may be more difficult than others. Hospital or base birth? Pampers or Huggies? Crib or family bed? But when it comes to feeding, the choice is clear. Breast-feeding is the best choice that mothers can make for themselves and their child.Not everyone agrees that breast-feeding is the best choice. Some manage that bottle feeding is democratic and gives other members of the family a chance to feed the baby. I agree that family members need a chance to experience the thrill of alimental the new life, but giving the child a bottle of dominion is not necessary. Mothers can express breast milk and lay it into a bottle when other family members want to feed the child.Most new mothers are eager to get back to their pre-pregnancy weight. Some may choose to formula feed so that they can stop eati ng for two and maybe even fast, things which are impossible for a nursing mother. On the other hand, a women who is producing milk uses between 1,000 and 3,500 calories per day more than at other times in her life (Lim 63). With all of the extra calories burned, she may not need to diet at all to reach her desired weight (Eisenberg, Murkoff, and Hathaway 7).A new mother may choose to bottle feed because she wants to monitor intake and make sure that her child is getting e...

Hayeks Contribution to the Business Cycle Essay examples -- essays pap

Hayeks Contribution to the Business Cycle Friedirch August von Hayek was born in Vienna on May 8, 1899 and died on March 23, 1992, in the city of Freiburg in Breisgan in Germany. Hayek was a central figure in 20th-century economics and he represented the Austrian tradition. After Hayek served military service, he became a student at the University of Vienna where he got his doctorate in law and political science. In 1923-4, Hayek visited New York and thence returned to Vienna where he continued his work. Hayek became the first director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research in 1927. He also gave some lectures in England at the capital of the United Kingdom School of frugals in 1931. In England, he participated in such debates as monetary, hood, and business-cycle theories during the 1930s. Hayeks contributions were very important. To describe, business cycles, one has to examine the historic record of a nations overall economic performance. It is a pattern of long-term growth marked by alternations of expansion and contradiction. These recurrent alternations above and below the long-term trend be business cycles (Outhwaite, 55). The term economic fluctuations is used to describe the same phenomena. Economists have distinguished many cause of the business cycle. There are some factors outside the economic system and those within it. Outside causes such as war and major inventions are referred to exogenous factors. Whereas endogenous factors belong to the natural working of the economy itself and its tendency to fluctuate over extended periods (Outhwaite, 56). Before World War II, the emphasis was put on endogenous factors, and thus theories such as monetary overinvestment underconsumption psychological were more important than others. In general, all cycle theories involve some kind of cost maladjustment. F. A. Hayek was one of the many economists who, indeed, explained overinvestment opening in a monetary sense. Overinvestm ent theory is related to the overproduction-type theories. Those theories include consumer goods, capital goods, or investment of money or credit. They may stress fixed capital against circulating or liquid capital (Haney, 667). However, the overinvestment theory assigned a crucial role to the acceleration principle, according to which a mere decline in the rate of increase in business sales could gi... ...Butler, Eamonn. Hayek His Contribution to the Political and Economic Thought of Our Time. USA Universe Books, 1985. 8-10.Colonna, M., Hagemann, H., and Hamouda, O. Economics of F.A. Hayek. (Vol.2, pp xii- xiii). Edward Eglar Publishing Limited. England. 1994.Haney, Lewis H. History of Economic Thought. New York The Macmillan Company, 1949. 667-84.ODriscoll, Gerald P., Jr. Economics as a Coordination Problem The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek. Kansas City Sheed Andrews and Mcmeel, Inc. 1977. 9-11.Outhwaite, William and Tom Bottomore. The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Cent ury Social Thought. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, 1993. 55-57.Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis. Friedrich August von Hayek. The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics. (Vol. 2, pp. 609-10). The Macmillan Press Limited. USA. C 1987.Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis. Ricardo-Hayek effect. The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics. (Vol. 4, pp. 198-99). The Macmillan Press Limited. USA. C 1987.Spiegel, Henry. The Growth of Economic Thought. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. 543-44.Tomlinson, Jim. Hayek and the Market. London Pluto Press. 1990. 5-6.

Steam Distillation :: essays research papers

Steam DistillationPurpose To use steam distillation to purify heat sensitive, natural products, like essential oils.Procedure enthrall refer toWilliamson, Macroscale &Microscale Organic Experiments 4th Ed., pgs.98-109 ResultsTable 1.1 Steam distillationDrop (every third drop)Temperature (C)Addition of 0.5 mL water1100.3Water added2100.53100.5Water added4100.6Water added5100.66100.6Water added7100.68100.6Water added9100.310100.6Observations The residue was cloudy during distillation. This indicated that it was wet. The water was added when the firmness appeared to be getting low in volume.Table 1.2 Recovery of organic materialObject being weighedWeight in gramsWeight of empty, clean tryout tube6.446 gWeight of clean test tube with spearmint oil6.635 gWeight of spearmint oil0.189 gTable 1.3 IR SpectroscopyFrequencyCorresponding Functional Group3083.81C-H2923.91C-H1674.33C=OConclusionIn this experiment, the process of steam distillation was used to purify a natural product, (the ess ential oil of spearmint). This phenomenon works because when two immiscible liquids are distilled, the boiling point of the mixture is below the boiling point of the both everlasting(a) compounds. Since water has a significantly lower boiling point than spearmint, a much greater proportion of water molecules was vaporizing at any time during the distillation. nonetheless though the components of spearmint oil have low vapor pressure, they are volatile enough to vaporize to some extent and a small come will lifted off with the water molecules. This boiling will occur when the independent internal vapor pressures are equal to 760 torr, which is the external vapor pressure. It is note that steam distillation, unlike regular distillation, it does not follow Raoults Law. After steam distillation was completed, the essential oil was recovered and a thin point chromatography was conducted. When this TLC was conducted, there was one spot of pure essential oil and one of the distilled a nd recovered essential oil. The results indicated that the distilled, recovered oil was pure because it came out as a single spot, level with that of the pure oil. The infrared spectroscopy was performed next. IR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional by stretching and bonding frequencies of bonds. The peaks tot up to the functional groups.

Mecca Cola :: essays research papers

MECCA-COLA A MESSAGE IN A BOTTLEThere is no denying that Mecca-Cola is a political product. Commercially, its capitalizing on the development anti-American sentiment. The interesting part, which probably no one has ever done before, is the fact that the founder is making a political statement as tumesce as embracing others with the same attitude through a consumer product. At some level it looks ironic that an anti-American movement takes form in the rattling byproduct of American culture however, this is also saying that not all about America is bad. Its not the culture that is being fought, but sort of the politics. And Mecca-Cola fights by trying to provide conscience to its consumers, to provide meaning in consumerism (buvez engag).Mecca-Cola was born as a reaction to the anti-American sentiments, and it primarily appeals to consumers who support American brands boycott campaign. Entry consumers are primarily Muslims, with the product first being distributed in small ethnic s hops in Muslim areas. While Mecca-Cola may hold on to appeal to Muslim consumers, its policy to give profits for charity may appeal to other engaged consumers. By positioning itself as the non-American alternative of a cola, Mecca-Cola directly challenged Coca-Cola and Pepsi as the American products. However, as in Mathlouthi idealism, Mecca-Cola will keep the focus on providing an alternative cola drinks, not directly challenge those freehand players as competitors. Now that Mecca-Cola has successfully initiated a new segment of alternative cola, its real competitors are the other alternative cola that position themselves as a product for Muslims while also offering corporate social responsibility like Mecca Cola. Among the major competitors are ZamZam Cola, Qibla-Cola, Muslim Up and Arab Cola. The launch of Mecca-Cola was a success, perhaps because it is providing a fresh alternative to common consumerism, while using political and social charity leveraging advantages. Neverthel ess, Mecca-Cola is vulnerable to competition (specific target base, low-down entry barrier for me-too products), and its positioning appeal may wear out if world politics change. Mecca-Cola could be a sustainable business if it emphasizes on prevalent values that appeal to a broader, sustainable consumer base, rather than just another Anti-America alternative product. Mathlouthi and Mecca ColaTaufik Mathlouthi is a Muslim, Tunisian-born French entrepreneur. His exceptional entrepreneurship mindset, along with his involvement in social issues and a sense of pride for his origins, forms the right chemistry that led to the birth of Mecca Cola.Mathlouthi is by nature an involved and exploring individual.

The ICC and Southeast Asia Essay -- Foreign Relations

The multinational vile Court was formally established 1 July 2002. The statue which exercises jurisdiction over four crimes genocide, crimes against humanity, fight crimes, and crimes of aggression (applic sufficient only after a further provision defining aggression and conditions of jurisdiction is adopted). (Toon, 2004 1). The ICC is considered to be a court that is a last resort. It was implemented for heinous crimes that are committed to be used when states (countries such as sulfureast Asia) are not willing or not able to suffer justice for such crimes to the victims. To date, Southeast Asia has only two of their eleven states that have implemented the ICC which are Cambodia and Timor Leste. Third world countries have a hard clip with prioritizing their affairs. With economic hardships, terrorism, and socio-political taking the precedence over justice for individuals that are victims of the above crimes. There are many questions that have been established in rega rds to why countries, South East Asia in particular have not become part of the ICC. The author, Valeriane Toon, presents to her readers some questions as to why Southeast Asia has not accepted the International Criminal Court. Is it the fear of setting a precedent by consenting to the subjugation of territorial integrity on ethical grounds, which could culminate in a voluntary compromise of state sovereignty once this, is ensconced into customary law, as articulated by numerous major powers? Or is it simply a rejection of terms propounded by the Statue (Toon, 2004 1)? The other main question that cannot be overlooked is how much influence does the United States may have over the governments of Southeast Asia (Toon, 2004 1)? Though Toon provides o... ...ow are they able to provide justice when (unfortunately) justice cost money. Toon says that, Certain segments of the government are not in favor of the ICC, conscious that it can curb the extent of their intimacy and swiftnes s in the execution of national policies (Toon, 2004 6). However, the logical conclusion of this would be to amend such factors that infringe on the governments ability to provide swift justice. whole kit CitedToon, Valeriane. International criminal court reservation of non-state parties in southeast Asia.Contemporary Southeast Asia 26.2 (2004), 218+.Berman, Franklin. The International Criminal Court, paper presented at the Fourth International Law Seminar, Singapore, 2 September 2000.Coalition for the international Criminal Court, Spring Semester 2012, http//www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_861_wenqi.pdf.

The ICC and Southeast Asia Essay -- Foreign Relations

The International Criminal Court was formally established 1 July 2002. The statue which exercises jurisdiction everyplace four crimes genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression (applicable only after a further provision defining aggression and conditions of jurisdiction is adopted). (Toon, 2004 1). The ICC is considered to be a court that is a last resort. It was implemented for heinous crimes that are committed to be used when states (countries such as Southeast Asia) are not willing or not able to forget justice for such crimes to the victims. To date, Southeast Asia has only two of their eleven states that have implemented the ICC which are Cambodia and Timor Leste. Third world countries have a hard time with prioritizing their affairs. With economic hardships, terrorism, and socio-political taking the precedence over justice for individuals that are victims of the above crimes. There are many questions that have been established in regards to why countries, South East Asia in particular have not become part of the ICC. The author, Valeriane Toon, presents to her readers some questions as to why Southeast Asia has not veritable the International Criminal Court. Is it the fear of setting a precedent by consenting to the subjugation of territorial integrity on ethical grounds, which could culminate in a spontaneous compromise of state sovereignty once this, is ensconced into customary law, as articulated by numerous major powers? Or is it simply a rejection of terms propounded by the Statue (Toon, 2004 1)? The other main question that cannot be overlooked is how much influence does the United States may have over the governments of Southeast Asia (Toon, 2004 1)? though Toon provides o... ...ow are they able to provide justice when (unfortunately) justice cost money. Toon says that, Certain segments of the government are not in favor of the ICC, conscious that it can contain the extent of their liberty and swiftne ss in the execution of national policies (Toon, 2004 6). However, the logical conclusion of this would be to amend such factors that infringe on the governments ability to provide swift justice.Works CitedToon, Valeriane. International criminal court reservation of non-state parties in southeast Asia.Contemporary Southeast Asia 26.2 (2004), 218+.Berman, Franklin. The International Criminal Court, paper presented at the Fourth International Law Seminar, Singapore, 2 September 2000.Coalition for the international Criminal Court, Spring Semester 2012, http//www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_861_wenqi.pdf.

Challenges that working women face today Essay

IntroductionIn todays culture where individualism is emphasized and curiously that wo men ar encouraged to assume equal roles as men would normally take, two or three decades ago, it is very difficult to see core to eye with how women are during biblical times. Girl power or women empowerment is the rule of the day for women nowadays.Although, of course, all women as all men have the right to fall in the sense that they have the same intrinsic capacity to influence, the role of leadership has been blown out of proportion by feminist groups as they take for it to women. The result of this over blown leadership role of women has been the constant encounter between members of opposite sexes in many significant areas within society. It has affected the homes, regime and non-government institutions, down to the smallest entity that has within its membership men and women.The ChallengesToday, despite the liberty afforded to women since their right to suffrage had been granted, myria ds of problems assails them as they exercise many of their freedoms. These include cozy harassment and profane, fit family life and, still being debated to a degree is the issue on an equitable salary or pay.Generally, the women today have double jobs not to put forward the close attention they pay towards their childrens schooling. This is usually true in urbanized and highly educated centers in the mainland USA. Despite these changes of traditional roles of women in the cities, there are yet rural areas where women assume roles that are still traditional. Women in these areas are still known to be subservient to their men oftentimes abuses are the rule not the exception.Abuses come in the form of incest, rape, lure of prostitution, cybernet prostitution, abortion, domestic violence, sex tourism, and mail order brides among others. However, without exception, much less educated women are ill-treated than their more educated counterparts who also have more access to social se rvices. In other words, the abuses mentioned characterized women, though the incidence and degree are comparatively higher(prenominal) in the less educated and misplaced/marginalized areas (Malveuax et al., 2002). Salary EquityDespite the provision by law that there should be equal remuneration standards for men and women, many firms and manoeuvreplaces continue to abuse women of this right (Equal Employment Opportunity Act). This law precisely was originally intended for women to receive equal pay and be saved against anomalous employers who make whimsical decisions regarding their women employees.It provides against employers who may lower wages from either sex or labor organizations that willing attempt to influence employers against employees wages (Taber, 2008). The suspicion is how prevalent is the discrimination or abuse on employee salaries? Basically, most occupations still show discrepancy with women versus men wages, although various explanations are put forth. Howeve r the factors may be explained, the fact still remains that women lose around 20 to 30 percent to that of mens income (77cents to one dollar for men) as account by The Washington Post (2007 July).Balancing Work and family (Work-Life Initiatives)Work-life initiatives are strategies implemented by firms to reduce turnover and gain productivity and overall firm performance. Studies were make to examine the influence and effects of work-life initiatives on employees and the organization in general. Workplace diversity which incorporates the concepts of work-life initiatives does indicate that it is inevitable that when a company introduces work-life initiatives, there is a resulting increase in diversity. Substantial evidence point to the effectiveness of workplace diversity hence, many institutions encourage and promote this in their particular milieu (http//www.cmdronline.com/workshops.htm).It is inevitable that rip off work and family life will be one of a persons demanding experi ences. The rationale for having a job is not only to have a livelihood, achieve personal satisfaction in the expression of his abilities and trainings, and receive his remuneration and perks on the side. Preparation for family stability to be able to provide and thus take an atmosphere of care, for bachelors/maidens, is also the foremost and logical reason for having a job.However, the thin thread that separates between the two polarities becomes blurred, and there lies the tension that pulls a person in different directions. The Center for Mediation and Dispute Resolution opens its website with the following quote Our life is one giant balancing act (http//www.cmdronline.com/workshops.htm). Perhaps, no person will ever disagree with that statement. The goal then is to know how to do the balancing act, to gain competencies in achieving a rewarding, flourishing kind of life that holds work in one hand, while maintaining a well-nurtured and healthy family on the other hand.Sex Harass mentWhat is perhaps most important to womens well-being is their security against abuse of any form from employers, fellow employees and other people as they conduct their day-to-day affairs. Sex harassment is defined by the Womens Justice communicate as Sexual harassment is any unwelcome sexual advance, request for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Whether sexual harassment is from a supervisor, co-workers or customers, it is an attempt to assert power over another person. The harassment may take place in your work setting, outside of your work setting, in your home, while traveling on business or at business functions (20002).ConclusionWhile at the moment, the common let loose of women is equality to two genders as it is reflected in womens roles in the family, in public places, and the obliteration of the stereotyped designation of female persons in past decades which until now has its gallery in the minds of the general public the conseq uent outcome of this campaign is prevalent in almost every area where function is concerned. In the late 1960s, womens movement began to blossom. It was stirred by the then sentiment of repulsion to the tasks being typecasted among women. Womens movement of the 60s aimed to question the menial duties relegated to women such as getting married, fit a canwife and afterwards attending to household chores (including raising children), and when outside opportunity comes for them to work, theyre consigned to answering phones, photocopying, etc (Encarta, 2006).The scenery has been changed and is no longer the same as in the past 30 or 40 years. The typical woman today is one that is among the working class no longer confined to house premises, but working and providing as much as her male counterparts. She can be the manager or an executive of an established firm where most of the male employees are under her command. Equality in roles has now been achieved. Whereas this status and depi ction of women in itself is not outright negative, the undercurrent force that it has created is the programming of the minds of todays women to be resistant to the biblical description of their role as they are teamed with men.Instead of seeing male and female partnership as complimentary to both sexes, the danger of too much emphasis on equality especially when it is defined merely in domestic and public functions is the threat that masculinity poses to womanhood. It is advanced for women to fight for their basic equal rights with men as members of this global community, but if it results in certain imbalances because the aim has become the dethronement of the opposite gender, then the battle for equality has now turned into fight for superiority of the female sex.Reference1. Encarta Dictionary 2006. (DVD).2. Malveaux, Julianne, Deborah Perry, Deborah L. Perry. 2002. Unfinished Business A Democrat and a Republican embrace on the 10 Most Important Issues Women Face. Penguin Group USA.3. Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996. Psychology Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA Brown and Benchmark, p.810.4. __________ Values what are they?2007. Family Works University of Illinois extension. Accessed November 10. 2007. http//www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/familyworks/values-01.html5. _________Centre for Mediation & Dispute Resolution, accessed in http//www.cmdronline.com/workshops.htm6. Taber, Loren. The Law in the Workplace. Accessed February 28, 2008. http//www.google.com/search?q=cache2K4rLBDHP90Jwww.cbi-cc.org/PowerPoints/The%2520Law%2520in%2520the%2520Workplace.ppt+women+issues+on+discrimination+in+salary/wages&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=17. _________ Men vs Women Asking for more Money. The Washington Post. July 30, 2007. Accessed February 28, 2008 http//ocouha.com/weblog/tags/earnings-income-salary-wages-wealth/8. _________ Sexual Harassment in the Workplace. Toronto Harassment support Group. Retrieved February 28, 2008.

Literary Analysis of Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay

In the face rebirth, identity was an important concern, peculiarly the wrench of identity. As Stephen Greenblatt argues, there is in the early modern period a change in the intellectual, social, psychological, and aesthetic structures that govern the generation of identities that is non only daedal only resolutely dialectical (1). The identity of the sovereign was of particular importance how monarchs shaped their own identities, and how these identities affected their subjects.Ta pansy Greenblatts argument, this paper examines the construction and habit of identity in Shakespe bes settlement in particular, the ways in which Elizabeth Is self-representations inform the play. In addition, the paper will show how the spiritisation of small town is shaped by the rule of Elizabeth I, who controlled her worldly concern image through elaborately constructed self-representations. Reflecting her use of these representations, settlement, who possesses stereotypically effemina te attributes, fights to recreate himself as a masculine character to recover his familys and kingdoms honor.The late Elizabethan period was filled with anxiety and dismay over the develop of Queen Elizabeth I. Concern to the highest degree her impending death was only made worse by her refusal to name a successor. When Shakespeare composed crossroads in 1600, the playwright was subject to an aging, infirm queen, who at lxvii had left no heirs to the English hindquarters. In small town, Shakespeare thus addresses two political problems that England faced at the beginning of the seventeenth-century royal period and female sovereignty. As Tennenhouse argues, History plays could not be written after hamlet, be take a shit the whole matter of transferring source from one monarch to another had to be rethought in view of the aging frame of the queen (85). The preoccupation of the English public with who would become their new ruler, along with eager anticipation of male kingshi p, is expressed throughout hamlet. Although the play is not written as a political allegory, undeniable similarities do exist between aspects of Queen Elizabeth Is public persona and the character of critical point. originally further explaining this comparison, however, it is necessary to describe how Elizabeth I shaped her public persona.Elizabeth Is Image As head of the Anglican Church, Elizabeth I was wary to adjust herself in marriage with a Catholic. Accordingly, Carole Levin argues that Elizabeth I promoted the image of herself as a pristine maiden well into the middle and advanced long time of her life Elizabeth presented herself to her multitude as a symbol of virginity, a Virgin Queen (64). Whether political or personal, her refusal to draw was in many ways advantageous, for she avoided the disaster of Mary Is match with Phillip II. Yet it also caused a great deal of concern among the populace.As Levin observes, by not marrying, Elizabeth also refused the most obviou s maneuver of being a queen, that of bearing a child. Nor would she name a successor as Parliament begged her to do, since Elizabeth was convinced this would increase, rather than ease, both the political tension and her personal danger (66). Elizabeth Is strategy to retain political power may have prevented the usurpation of her authority by a husband, but it did cause disfavor among the English citizens, especially as she grew erstwhile(a) without announcing an heir.Anxiety over the succession led to contempt for Elizabeth I, with many people gossiping that she did not marry because she was an supernatural woman. Levin writes, there were rumors that Elizabeth had an impediment that would prohibit regular sexual relations (86). Levin provides an example for these rumors in an excerpt of a letter from her cousin Mary Stuart beyond a doubt you are not like other women, and it is folly to advance the notion of your marriage with the Duke of Alencon, seeing that such a conjugal unio n would never be consummated (86).Others claimed that Elizabeth I had illegitimate children who were kept secret (Levin 85). These accusations indicate that English citizens, as well as family relations, perceived Elizabeth Fs prolonged maidenhood as unnatural and even monstrous. Although Elizabeth I was willing to admit to Parliament that she had spent much of her strength, she was careful to cultivate the image of herself as a young woman to the public. superstar important example of this method is the famous Rainbow Portrait, which Elizabeth I commissioned in approximately 1600, the same period small town was written. evening though Elizabeth I was sixty-seven years old when the painting was commissioned, she appears in the painting to be a young woman (Levin). Elizabeth I created an intricate and diverse image of herself. As an single monarch, she became Englands Virgin Queen. Possessing two bodies, Elizabeth I established masculine authority as Prince and as mother to her su bjects. As Elizabeth I grew older, she relied on iconography to deceive the English populace into viewing her as young and vital. These diverse representations of Elizabeth I are complexly reflected in crossroads.The similarities between Elizabeth I and Gertrude are obvious both women are perceived as indulgent, sensuous monarchs and are criticized for take oning to act like women younger than their true ages. To Gertrude, Hamlet even states, O shame, where is thy blush? (3. 4. 91). Despite these correspondences, a more interesting analogy exists between Elizabeth I and the character of Hamlet. The paper will compare Elizabeth I, who claimed to have the heart and stomach of a king (Levin 1) with Hamlet, a prince oftentimes castigated for acting in a stereotypically feminine manner. Reflections of Elizabeth Is Constructed Identities in HamletOne attempt by Elizabeth I to maintain her image as the Virgin Queen was a use of heavy cosmetics in an effort to make herself look younger and therefore stronger. Mullaney quotes Jesuit priest Anthony Rivers as describing Elizabeth Is makeup at some celebrations in 1600, when Hamlet was written, to be in some places near half an inch thick (147). Unfortunately for Elizabeth I, this attempt to hide the weakness of her age seems only to have exacerbated her subjects contempt for the assumed weakness of her sex. M. P. Tilley observes that during the late Elizabethan period, there was a strong feeling against a woman using cosmetics (312).Women who used cosmetics, according to popular feeling, altered their bodies, the creations of God, and were therefore not only immodest but blasphemous. According to Mullaney, women who used cosmetics considered to be treasonably women because they created a deceptive face to replace the one given to them by God altering their natural female appearance made them not unfeignedly women. not only were cosmetics blasphemous and dishonest, they were physically destructive. A woman who paint ed her face in the metempsychosis thus arguably destroyed her person in every way possible spiritually and bodily.Hamlet displays notable disgust toward painted women, yet critics have overlooked that many of the contemporary Renaissance objections to womens use of cosmetics apply to Hamlets actions. Similar to the way that painted women used cosmetics to disguise the faces that God had given them, Hamlet assembles on his antic desire to disguise the faculties of reason which God has given him (1. 5. 192), faculties which in the Renaissance were an essential aspect of the virtuous man. Whether or not Hamlet is truly mad, he constructs a persona to dissimulate his purpose of revenge.Painted women were disparaged for poisoning their personate with dangerous chemicals Hamlet engages in a dangerous quest to avenge his father, and because of his quest for revenge, he is fatally poisoned. By assuming an antic disposition, a false face, Hamlet is physically poisoned by the bated sword of Laertes. Laertes poison destroys Hamlets body natural and symbolically disrupts the body politic, since Hamlet will be unable to rule Denmark. In addition to putting on an antic disposition, a showcase of face painting, Hamlet possesses other womanly attributes that would arguably have caused some anxiety.Mullaney asserts that popular opinion in the Renaissance, especially in the final years of Elizabeth Is reign, was against the rule of a female monarch. The English people had always been hesitant to accept a female queen as Elizabeth I grew older and more infirm, their tolerance for being ruled by a woman diminished. Mullaney further argues that this intolerance was a part of the English subjects realization that Elizabeth I was feeble and politically weakening for the Renaissance misogyny may in fact be an integral part of the mourning process when the lost object or ideal being processed is a woman, especially but not exclusively when that woman is a queen of England, too ( 140). As the English publics grief for the decline of their queens strength increased, so too did their contempt for her bodily weakness and inability to govern effectively. Reflecting anxiety about Elizabeths I old age and infirmity, Hamlet displays a stereotypically feminine quality that makes him problematic as heir to the Danish throne.Early in the play, Claudius chides Hamlet for his unmanly grief concerning the passing of his father (1. 2. 98). Elaine Showalter claims that Hamlets emotional vulnerability can readily be conceptualized as feminine (223). Discussing Hamlets creation of a mad persona, Carol Thomas Neely also lists passivity and loss of control among Hamlets feminine attributes during his period of madness (326). Hamlets emotional vulnerability and passivity, when considered in the politically-charged atmosphere of the late Elizabethan period, can even be seen as his downfall.Mullaney, quoting Tennenhouse, argues that Hamlet is a play keenly aware of its late Eliz abethan status, in which the impending transfer of power from one monarch to another had to be rethought in view of the aging body of the queen (149). He goes on to view Hamlet as inhabiting a male-constructed world. Mullaney asserts that like other Shakespearean males, Hamlet achieves a partial if suicidal resolution of the contradictions of patriarchate by constructing a world that is not so much gendered as free from gender differentiationa world that is all male (158).It is likely that Hamlets true problem is actually the oppositehis world is too female, or rather feminine. Despite the small number of females in the play, Hamlet presents a feminine character in a male body, a twisted reflection of Elizabeth I, who claimed to have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but the heart and stomach of a king (Levin 1). Hamlet possesses the body of a prince, but the heart and stomach of a woman a fusion which was particularly problematic in the misogynistic environment that prevailed during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.As a feminine character in the body of a male, particularly one who, as Claudius observes, is most immediate to the throne (1. 2. 113), Hamlet cannot be allowed to survive and assume the throne. His death, as well as the passage of the Danish monarchy to the quintessential warrior figure, Fortinbras, reflects the transition of the throne from Elizabeth I to pack I. James Is ascension to the English throne alleviated some anxiety of female sovereignty, although his reign showed his peevish, cowardly, and self-indulgent disposition.When Hamlet puts on an antic disposition, crafting himself as mad, he evinces natural traits that are usually associated with feminine weakness. Hamlet is beset with passivity and indecision, two qualities often ascribed to women in the Renaissance (Woodbridge 275-99). Passivity and indecision impede and nearly thwart his quest to obey his fathers demand for revenge. Davis D. McElroy claims that Hamlet, in add ition to considering the ghosts exhortation to avenge him, contemplates taking no action at all. McElroy examines the opening five lines of the to be or not to be soliloquy To be, or not to be, that is the dubiousnessWhether is nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take blazonry against a sea of troubles, And by opposing, end them. (3. 1. 64-8) McElroy alleges that these lines, which are generally believed to be Hamlets argument regarding suicide, constitute a different deliberation on revenge killing Claudius, as the alleged ghost of his father demands, or taking no action at alla more cowardly decision, certainly, but definitely safer. McElroy compares the two options by examining the rhetoric of chiasmusclaiming that to be refers to taking arms against Claudius and not to be refers to suffering outrageous fortune. He argues that the speech pertains more reasonably to revenge than suicide because killing oneself is more like avoiding ones troubles than opposing them (544). It can be posited that Hamlets indecision concerning his vow to avenge his father parallels Elizabeth Fs refusal to name an heir. As Tennenhouse observes, Where Claudius would be second to Hamlet and Hamlets line in a patrilineal system, the queens husband and uncle of the kings son occupies the privileged male position in a matrilineal system... It is to be expected that Claudius could not legally possess the crown, the matrilinear succession having the weaker claim on British political thinking. (89) Hamlets duty is not virtuously to uphold his promise of vengeance. He also has an obligation to his country to see Claudius removed from the throne and Hamlet, the rightful ruler in patrilineal succession, put in his place. When Hamlet contemplates neglecting this obligation, he endangers the succession to the Danish throne in much the same way that Elizabeth Is concealment concerning her own succession endangers England.Arguably, Hamlet fails in his responsibility to protect the Danish succession after Hamlets death, Fortinbras, a Norwegian, assumes the throne. Although Fortinbras is a better scene than the corrupt Claudius, he is a member of Norways royal line, not Denmarks. Elizabeth Is refusal to marry consigns England to a similar fate regarding kingship and royal lines. James I is a member of the British royal family, but he is a Stuart, not a Tudor. As the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth I secures her own power by refusing to name a successor during her lifetime, but she allows her familial line to die with her.Elizabeth I also protected her political authority by crafting some(prenominal) personas. As seen in the Rainbow Portrait, she took liberally from mythological figures, such as Astraea, Flora, and Diana. Just as Elizabeth I appropriated the appearance and femininity of goddesses, Hamlet appropriates the masculine authority he observes in Fortinbras. Hamlet attempts to construct a persona that goes beyond an antic disposition, wanting to fashion himself as a strong son and leader of Denmark. aft(prenominal) hearing of Fortinbrass plan to attack a desolate stretch of Poland, Hamlet resolves to emulate the militant Fortinbras by fashioning himself as a blooming(a) avenger How stand I, then, That have a father killed, a mother stained, Excitements of my reason and my blood, And let all sleep O, from this time forth My thoughts be fucking(a) or be nothing worth (4. 4. 59-62, 68-9) Although Hamlet desires to construct himself as an aggressive and violent fighter, he is never able to attain Fortinbrass forcefulness. Hamlets passivity here shows weakness and debility, not qualities appropriate in a military leader or a monarch.Although Hamlet attempts to assume the maleness of Fortinbras, shaping himself as a potent agent of revenge, Hamlets assay emulation of Fortinbrass masculinity is merely another false front. Hamlet recognizes his own passivity, but however much he tries to counter and su ppress it, his femininity is too firmly a part of his personality for him to overcome it completely. Even though Hamlet seeks to avenge his fathers murder, he is unable to kill Claudius in Act three, scene three. Hamlet decides not to kill Claudius at his attempted prayer, and he thus does not do what he has resolved to do.At this point in the play, the audience sees a fluid character, one who commencement ceremony fashions himself as mad, then earnestly attempts to mold himself like the soldier Fortinbras. However much Hamlet views himself as mutable, he cannot override his passive nature. Hamlet attempts to put on Fortinbrass masculine disposition after killing Polonius and assuring the deaths of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, yet even after returning from his voyage to England, Hamlet is caught in his feminine passivity. Despite his earlier resolve that his thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth (4. 4. 69), Hamlet makes no move against Claudius.He walks with Horatio in the gravey ard, where he learns of Ophelias death (5. 1. 253), and he attacks Laertes at her gravesite (5. 1. 273), but he still clings to his false antic disposition. Gertrude calls his behavior mere madness and compares Hamlet to a female dove (5. 1. 302, 304). Hamlets shock and grief at learning about Ophelias death could excuse his distraction from attacking Claudius, but Hamlet delays his task too long. By waiting for Laertes challenge instead of choosing his own time to confront Claudius, Hamlet is forced to fight on the treacherous kings terms and dies at the tip of Laertes poisoned sword.Hamlets struggle mirrors the rule of Elizabeth I, who controlled her public image through elaborately constructed personas. Similar to Hamlet, Elizabeth I attempted to disguise or suppress her feminine weakness. She proclaimed that she possessed a masculine body politic despite her female body natural. Elizabeth I well-kept supremacy throughout her reignno easy task for a woman in the Renaissanceyet he r refusal to marry and produce heirs ended the Tudor line of succession.Hamlets plight reflects the anxiety experienced by many English subjects as Elizabeth I grew older with no children to succeed her as Elizabeth I aged, the question of the sovereigns role or representation to provide for the common welfare became increasingly critical. The Queen was still a mere woman, even though she had the heart and stomach of a king (Levin 1). Equally, Hamlet strives to create a public persona that corresponds with the masculine strength of Fortinbras, but he ultimately succumbs to feminine passivity, even though he is a prince. ConclusionHamlet reflects the anxiety of many of Elizabeth Is subjects concerning the strength of their Queen and the succession of the monarchy. With no husband and no heir to the throne, the political security of the country was at stake. Furthermore, many citizens were concerned with Elizabeth Is aging body and her ridiculous attempts to appear younger. This conc ern developed in many cases into contempt for Elizabeth Is deceptive manipulations of her image. Hamlet has many feminine characteristics that, especially in the clime of Elizabeth Is decline, make him unsuitable as a ruler or potential king.Although he is not naturally suited to the masculine requirements of kingship, Hamlet strives to overcome his feminine nature in order to reinstate the honor and dignity of his family and kingdom. Although he accomplishes this end, his femininity delays him until he is betrayed by Claudius treachery. Hamlet removes Claudius from the throne, but at the cost of many lives, and the Danish monarchy passes to a Norwegian ruler. Like Elizabeth I, Hamlet tries to recreate his identity to gain needed respect and authority, but ultimately fails to protect his fathers line of succession.In Hamlet, readers can surmise some of the feelings Shakespeare may have experienced in the growing misogyny that permeated the final years of Elizabeth Is reign. Like Ha mlet, Elizabeth I was not without flaws, and her subjects came to resent her for these weaknesses, anticipating the advent of a more powerfuland masculinemonarch. As Shakespeare demonstrates with Hamlets affecting death and with Fortinbrass triumph, a stronger, more manful monarch is not necessarily a more admirable or worthy one.Works Cited Greenblatt, Stephen. Renaissance Self-Fashioning From More to Shakespeare. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1980.Levin, Carole. The Heart and Stomach of a King Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power. Philadelphia U of Pennsylvania P, 1994. McElroy, Davis D. To Be, or Not to BeIs That the Question? College English 25. 7 (1964) 543-545. Mullaney, Steven. Mourning and Misogyny Hamlet, The Revengers Tragedy, and the Final Progress of Elizabeth I, 1600-1607. Shakespeare Quarterly 45. 2 (1994) 139-62. Neely, Carol Thomas. Documents in Madness interpret Madness and Gender in Shakespeares Tragedies and Early Modern Culture. Shakespeare Quarterly 42. 3 (1991) 315-38. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Eds. Barbara A.Mowat and Paul Werstine. bare-assed York Washington Square P, 1992. Showaiter, Elaine. Representing Ophelia Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism. Hamlet Complete, positive Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Tennenhouse, Leonard. Power on Display The Politics of Shakespeares Genres. New York Methuen, 1986. Tilley, M. P, I Have Heard of Your Paintings Too. (Hamlet III, i, 148). The Review of English Studies 5. 19 (1929) 312-17

Is the Use of Tasers a Necessity

Name Essay Course Teacher Date Tasers A Necessity In a bon ton where crime exists such as robbers, burglars, shoplifters, or worse, black market sellers of drugs, electronic devices or designer products. Law enforcement is needed to maintain order which requires a mode that is rough-and-ready to apprehend curiouss while keeping injuries to a minimum instead of using guns to solve every situation. Luckily the adoption of Tasers by industry standards as electronic controlled device (ECD) or Conducted Energy Weapon (CEW) allows the law enforcement to apprehend a suspect without having to involve themselves in a close-range combative battle.Charlie Mesloh, a university prof at Florida Gulf Coast, Mark Henych, a researcher at Advanced Research Solutions, and Ross Wolf, a criminal justice professor at the University of Central Florida aim that the Tasers is a less-lethal weapon that inflicts a current of electricity throughout the body of the individual which temporarily ca drops the loss of muscle control (25). TASER world-wide, the inventors of ECD claims this as Neuromuscular Incapacitation (NMI) (1).TASER International asserts, the human nervous system communicates with simple electrical impulses . . . TASER technology uses similar electrical impulses to causality stimulation of the sensory and motor nerves (1). Though in that location are many controversies on the use of Tasers in BC, it is still a much needed device to keep the community safe. Tasers has been shunned upon by many batch in British Columbia because of the apologues circulating around and all the news reports on this tiny device.The most famous and memorable story would be the incident that happened at the Vancouver International Airport to Robert Dziekanski. CBC news reports that the video is in three segments, the first segment shows Dziekanski before patrol arrives world very agitated and yelling in Polish and seems to be very nervous, the second segment shows Dziekanski picking up a computer accordingly throwing it to the ground, then three airport personnel arrive and block the exit from the unsex area, but Dziekanski retreats inside and does non threaten them ().The third and final segment shows four RCMP officers arriving on scene and can be heard mentioning the word Tasers (). Some mavin can also be heard responding Yes to the question (). Police have said repeatedly that there were only three RCMP officers involved in the incident, but the video shows four men in RCMP uniforms. People in the lounge can be heard clearly telling the police Dziekanski speaks no English, only Russian. His mother later said he only spoke Polish. Police enter the secure area with no problems and an be seen with Dziekanski standing calmly talking with officers. They appear to direct him to stand against a wall, which he does. As he is standing there, one of the officers shoots him with a Taser . . . officers have also said police did not use pepper spray because of the larg e number of people at the airport at the time. But the video shows Dziekanski standing alone with the four officers in an otherwise empty area, which is separated from the public area by a thick wish-wash wall. (CBC )After the Taser shots, the sound from Dziekanski stopped and became silent, an officer can be heard saying, code red after checking on his condition and minutes later, ambulance attendants arrived but their efforts to revive Dziekanski were sunk and he was declared dead (). There are also other incidents that has happened in the past few years and there are definitely cases of pervert with this device which brings or so the misconception people get from Tasers, but counterbalance though some tragic events happen, it is still one of the safest alternative to bring a effectual environment to everyone.There are people who strongly believe Tasers should be banned, however, banning Tasers leave only result in more injuries during arrests. David Hambling, a respected relinquish lance writer on technology and military states, a recent study in the American Journal of Public Health looked at 24, 000 cases in which police officers had used force, including Tasers, pepper spray, batons and manual methods . . . the study found that Taser use reduced the overall risk of injury by 65 percent.In other words, restricting Taser use could triple the number of injuries caused in this chassis of incident (1). Misconceptions on the use of Taser led to a comment by a person who goes by the give away the disturber on CBC news website, he says, whats wrong with people when they start using devices that can pump out over 1500 volts for self defence thats just not cool. Doesnt any one remember the guy who got tasered 5 times at the air port because he wasnt co-operating with the security wasnt he killed because of the shock? I think that they should be banned from use for a less lethal item like pepper spray (). genus Capsicum sprays can not be used in unlikab le areas because it will effect innocent bystanders, also, as Jim Wilkinson, the Vice President of the site Your Greatest Protection declares, pepper spray works longer than Tasers or stun guns, it will cause coughing and choking, and it burns really bad . . . stun guns work by disabling the nervous and the muscular system but only for a few moments. Pepper spray works by causing pain, blindness, and choking for up to 30 minutes (1).Tasers only void the suspect for several seconds which allows police to seize the suspect in that time and wouldnt cause the suspect to suffocate for 30 minutes. Additionally, there are also many cases where the misuse of pepper spray also caused deaths. good one mistake with the Taser will bring many people to disagree with the product, but if Taser were really banned, the law enforcement will be forced to use close-range strategies or guns just like in the video Back From The Brink, where Suisun City had to use 52% of the police budget to try and ha ndle the problems in the crime-ridden crescent (video).Any sort of weapons can result in injuries if not used properly, Tasers included, but if used effectively, it will be the best weapon out there to safely neutralize a suspect and bringing a safe community. The incidents revolving around Tasers has angered the general public and as a result, the RCMP invoked strict new rules and readying effective May of 2010. The Tasers operational manual provided by the RCMP states, members certified to use the CEW must(prenominal) re-certify annually . . . members whose CEW certification has lapsed must not use the CEW operationally until the re-certification training has been completed (1). Every part of the Taser is also approved by the RCMP before being released in public. RCMP members must verbally let the subject know the CEW is about to be deployed (3). Additionally, whenever a member takes a CEW it must be well checked for damages, if no damages are found, a spark test will be conduc ted, if damages were found, it will be removed with haste and sent to qualified personnels (4).Any time the CEW is used it will be save down and supervisors will be notified (4). Many strict rules were set in motion to ensure the safety of the user and the subject as well as strict training methods to make the misuse of this product nonexistent. The operational manual also educates that multiple deployment or continuous cycling of the CEW may be hazardous to a subject. Unless situational factors dictate otherwise, members must not cycle the CEW for more than 5 seconds on a subject and will avoid multiple deployments (3).These new rules and regulations allow for members to thoroughly know the Tasers and assures the correct methods of use is performed. Tasers has been a very controversial device throughout Canada, especially when RCMP officers handle them. The major issue surrounding Tasers is that the citizens feel Tasers is a form of torture while others feel it is a necessary devi ce to keep the community safe.Tasers could be lethal if used the wrong way, but even then Tasers will still be much safer compared to a gun as well as more incapacitating than the pepper spray, also would not cause suffocation to the suspect at hand. If Tasers were taken away, it will only result in more injuries given to the suspect or the officer. When an officer uses the Taser, they must show that their actions were reasonable and just, but good training, as always, is the key to effective use of Taser and to keep our neighborhood friendly. (1446 words)

Management Techniques Used in Mcdonalds Stores

Management Techniques used in McDonalds Date 17/12/2010 Contents Pg 1 Title page Pg 2 Contents Pg 3 Executive Summary Pg 4 1. 0 Terms of Reference 2. 0 Procedure 2. 1 Primary Research 2. 2 inessential Research 3. 0 Findings 3. 1 Principles of scientific oversight Pg 5 3. 2 Principles of Taylorisms 3. 3 McDonaldization 3. 4 Individual Investigation Pg 6 3. 5 Motivation 4. 0 Conclusion Pg 7 5. 0 Recommendations 6. 0 Reference List 7. 0 Bibliography Executive Summary This bailiwick was produced to look at the management and motivation methods palpebra argon used in McDonalds fast food restaurants, and was requested by the Senior Executive of McDonalds. The main findings were that there are influences of the theories of F. W. Taylor and George Ritzer and was concluded that upon watching of the activities in McDonalds, there are evident uses of scientific management used in McDonalds restaurants, and that this does receive a knock-on effect on the motivation of staff there. Th e recommendations of this answer for are that the managers need to engage the staff and try to revamp the processes that they have in place, and give them a more direct motivation as to the rewards that they receive. 1. 0 Terms of Reference This report is has been requested by the Senior Executive of McDonalds in September 2010, in response to a claim made by Wilson (2010). Wilson suggests that there are close links between the scientific management principles and the strict routines and procedures found in McDonalds fast food restaurants. This report leave look into scientific management principles and to see if they do actu everyy have an effect on the management principles that are used McDonalds fast food restaurants and entrust briefly look at the motivation methods of McDonalds employees, and will include mirror images of these methods.The basic problems found in the note of staff, was that the observation was limited, and only observed the activities of the front-line e mployees, serving the node, and was not able to extend this to the beginning of the process to where the food is made on the premises. This report has been compiled by an independent researcher, who will consider through observation and research whether Wilsons suggestion does support the daily routines a customer would find when visiting such fast-food restaurants. 2. Procedure The following procedures were undertaken in order to dissect the case study organisation. 2. 1 Primary Research The primary research undertaken was to observe the staff of various McDonalds restaurants, these were observed from September 2010 to December 2010 to try and guard a more varied view of the procedures staff at McDonalds use. This is found under section 3. 4 Individual Investigation. 2. 2 Secondary Research The supplemental research undertaken was through websites, books and online articles.This research was used for the use of theorists used in the Findings section of the report. 3. 0 F indings 3. 1 Scientific management is a surmisal that was ab initio developed by Fredrick Winslow Taylor and this theory was published in 1911. In his publication, The Principles of Scientific Management, Taylor addresses the importance of the larger question of increasing our national aptitude (Taylor, 1911). His theory sets out to Prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, observes and principles as a foundation (Taylor, 1911).Taylor believed that massagemen would do as little land as possible, and would produce one-third to one-half of their ability, and believed that this was universal, yet he wanted to counter this and increase the productivity of workers. Taylor suggests through his own research that many gambols, including ingenious professions can be broken down into smaller tasks, meaning the less need for skilled craftsmen to complete jobs, and make their own decisions. He conducted this research in the steel industry with Time Studies he observed workers sequence of motions to determine the best way for jobs to be performed.The draw punts of this method, although it does increase productivity, are that it de-humanises the job role, and doesnt allow for any thought of the worker to be involved. 3. 2 The four main principles of Taylor, also known as Taylorisms, are 1. Replace rule of thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. 2. To scientifically select, naturalize and develop each worker rather than leaving the workers to train themselves. 3. To co-operate with workers to ensure that the scientific developed methods are being followed. . To divide work nearly equally between management and workers, so managers apply the scientific management principles to planning and the work, and the worker to actually perform the tasks. (www. netmba. com) These principles were adopted mainly in factories and industrial settings, including Henry Fords car production factories. 3. 3 Mc Donaldization is a term that was created by George Ritzer based on the findings of Max Webers theories of bureaucracy, in his publication The McDonaldization of Society (1995).George Ritzer explains that the fast food restaurant is an extreme display case of rationalization process, where the main focus is that of efficiency and predictability. Ritzers four main principles of McDonaldization are 1. Efficiency The fastest method of completing a task. 2. Calculability In harm of McDonalds customers, this means to serve the customers a large amount of food in a short period of time, in terms of McDonalds staff, it is the quantity of work they do and not the quality in that they do it. 3.Predictability Meaning whatever McDonalds restaurant a customer will go to, they would know what to expect, this applies to the product and the emolument that they receive. 4. Control This is the control over the employees, everything is standardized and wherever possible, human interaction is re placed by technology. 3. 4 Individual Investigation- On conducting an investigation into what a customer would live upon visiting McDonalds restaurants, it was found that the experience does support the views of Ritzer, and Taylors scientific management principles can be applied.On being served, a customer is asked the alike(p) routine question, and the customers answer will be, again, another script-written question, i. e. What drink would you like with that, would you like to have a large meal? The employee that is serving will then each collect the order that the customer has placed, or there will be another member of staff there to carry out that particular task, so that the person stationed at the till can go on to serve the next customer, whichever may be more efficient, with tasks being broken down.This experience solely can cover three of the four principles used by Ritzer, quite clearly efficiency, fastest method of completing the task, calculability, serving customers w ith large amounts of food in a short time and also the quantity of work that they do. The third principle of Ritzer is supported by visiting a few various McDonalds restaurants, the customer will know what to expect, as stated earlier with the script-written questions upon ordering food, to knowing the McDonalds menu and what you will get.The fourth principle of Ritzers, control, from going to McDonalds has been perceived from this observation that the managers will control the staff, ensuring that tasks are carried out correctly, as when observing the activity behind the counter, there is always a manager present, constantly going back and fourth between points, and checking over employees shoulders. 3. 5 Motivation To look at the benefits that may motivate a McDonalds employee, it has been researched on what promote the vacancies that are unattached in McDonalds. From accessing the McDonalds website www. mcdonalds. co. k, the company advertises that the vacancies are not just sh ort-term jobs, but the opportunity offers great training and development schemes from apprenticeships to foundation degrees, yet, they do not move away from the actual realization of the job. A very brief breakdown of a crew-members role is stated as, customer service expected to raise customers with a quick and accurate service. The website also promotes the rewards and benefits of being a McDonalds employee, these are 28 days paid holidays, free private healthcare (after three days service), stakeholder pension scheme, an employee is able to exchange ? 10 directly from their pay to childcare vouchers, saving on National Insurance and Tax, and also appealing to possibly iodin parents, and also discount cards for large retailers, including HMV and Marks & Spensers. However, although all these rewards and benefits may depend appealing, there is also a short video clip on the website, titled Think Again. This is a short video, where a McDonalds employee has approached people off the street to ask their views on people who work in McDonalds. whatsoever answers given are that McDonalds employees are uneducated, people filling in between real jobs and that a job at McDonalds is a last resort, however, the employee who was conducting the short interviews was a university student, currently studying law, when this was told to the people who she was talking with, mostly all of them looked surprised, and afraid that they had offended her, but it further backed her point, of think again, not all McDonalds staff are what they appear to be, and the majority of them are studying in university for degrees.This video is a realistic view of what McDonalds staff are considered to be, and McDonalds have tried to turn this in their favour, yet, it will be off-putting for some to apply for these jobs, and from visiting McDonalds restaurants, the staff do not seem only when enthusiastic and motivated, and seem to find it a struggle to offer service with a smile. 4. 0 Conclu sion In conclusion, Wilsons suggestion is a true statement of the management techniques and working procedures that are used in McDonalds.From researching the scientific management principles, and observing the activity in McDonalds, it can be seen that these principles do apply the tasks are broken down into small tasks, to enable efficiency. All staff are trained on the job role that they are doing, and are trained to the method that fits best with the structure of the restaurant and environment that they will be working in, and managers are constantly overseeing what the employees are doing.The findings have also shown that Ritzers views of McDonaldization are again, quite true, and again from observation of staff working at McDonalds, have fitted with the principles that Ritzer claim McDonalds function on. 5. 0 Recommendations The recommendations that are found from the findings of this report are that there needs to be a more direct motivation for the staff at McDonalds. As sai d under the findings, the staff seem to lack an enthusiasm for the job that they are doing, even though the training and development opportunities and the rewards available are quite impressive.However, this lack of awareness may be to the mundane and repetitive processes that the organisation have in place, and if so, McDonalds managers need to look at this again. The processes that are in place do offer efficiency, which is essential for a fast-food restaurant, but they need to get their staff more engaged and offer more variety in the way that these processes are carried out, and while doing this, possibly include the staff that are carrying out these processes to share their input into what they feel can be done etter, this will then have a throw out factor to the way that they feel they are valued in the organisation. 6. 0 Reference list * importance of the larger question of increasing our national efficiency (Taylor, 1911, Introduction, The Principles of Scientific Managemen t)* * Prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules and principles as a foundation (Taylor, 1911, The Principles of Scientific Management, Pge 3)* *both accessed from forgottenbooks. org 7. 0 Bibliography * www. mcdonalds. co. uk (9/12/2010) * www. netmba. com (8-11/12/2010)

Importance of Mother Nature

More and more people are becoming aware of the importance of saving have orb. Indeed, the sense of urgency behind the drive to save the environment is stronger than ever before. After all, we only have one satellite if this one becomes totally ruined, our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren allow for not have a home. If we all do our part to save mother earth, it is definitely possible. Therefore, people should learn as much as they house about ways that they can help save the environment by working together, our planet can remain habitable for centuries to come.Save Mother Earth solicit 1 cycleThe popularity of recycling has increased a great deal in recent years, as people search for ways of saving mother earth. Recycling can have a dramatic impact on helping to save the environment. Many different things can be recycled and reused, reducing waste and dribble in landfills and around the planet. In terms of helping to save the environment, recycling is an excelle nt strategy. It makes sense, in saving mother earth, to reuse her resources as much as possible. Increasing recycling efforts can help us save the environment.Save Mother Earth Tip 2 EducationTeaching our children about the importance of saving mother earth is a great way of in staticing lifelong habits that can help save the environment. Schools are increasing the teaching of subjects that pertain to helping to save the environment. new-made children are encouraged to help save mother earth by engaging in various habits that promote eco-friendly techniques. Parents can also increase the green-education of their children by demonstrating every day strategies for helping in the fight to save the environment.If everyone does their part, todays children will be tomorrows environmentalists, helping to save our planet from ruin.One major problem of the environment is lack of knowledge. If that little girl knew that she killed trees when she crumples the paper if she draws an oval instea d of a circle, I think she wouldnt continue doing that. And if she still did, it will be lesser compared to before. If only she knew. If only we knew. If only we knew earlier.

Dickens writes Oliver Twist Essay

Dickens creates sympathy for Oliver and the other orphans throughout the first four chapters of the book. He does this by describing in depth the neglect, mistreatment and emotions of the children. There is a strong example of this at the end of the first chapter when Dickens writes Oliver cried lustily. If he could have known that he was an orphan, left to the afflictive mercies of church-wardens and overseers, perhaps he would have cried the louder. Oliver suffers dearly while sustentation in the failhouse he is quite regularly made an example of. One of the occasions he is made an example of is when he is forced to ask for more gruel by the other orphans. For doing this he is harshly beaten by cane in battlefront of the other children and is then imprisoned. Oliver and the other orphans were beaten both ment each(prenominal)y and physically, neglected and starved from birth, until either leaving the workhouse as slave laborers or dieing.Oliver is terrified of Mr.Gamfield he op enly shows his emotion to the whole board of the workhouse when in chapter three he falls to his knees, praying that they would order him back the room, that they would starve him, beat him, kill him. He prays for all of this rather than them send him away with Mr. Gamfield In the time of workhouses the standard of living was near to none. The unwealthy basically had no choice to but to enter a workhouse. They would work for a roof and little food. All of the people in the workhouse had to sleep on the hard floor and receive poor medical attention.Overall the living condition were appalling, Charles Dickens uses irony to create a feeling of how bad the conditions where, a good example of this is that nearly every member of staff is intemperate even them giving out the tiny amount of gruel to the orphans. Dickens attempts to create a feeling of pity for the orphans, by doing this we can see that he is exhausting to relive poverty, stop other people from going through what he went t hrough. Dickens somehow manages to take a subject as important as poverty and put it across by using humor, and at the same time still manages to keep that feeling of seriousness.

Organic Food †Does It Really Makes a Difference? Essay

There be increasing debates ab protrude whether the complete fodder really makes a difference. thorough fertilizer intellectual nourishment has been comm further seen as collapse sense of taste, healthy, safe and environment friendly, entirely is it true? This paper hopes to find out(a) the exact conclusion of that debate, as well as consumers horizon of thoroughgoing nutriment, and its influence on cordial reception industry. 1. Introduction of positive victuals 1. 1 Definition of Organic nutriment Organic victuals has a strict regulation that de enclosureines what kind of fodder can be labeled constitutional. harmonise to the sustenance Safety laterality of Ireland, Organic nourishment is the product of an agrarian farming system that places a strong emphasis on environmental protection and animal welf atomic number 18. (Peter, 2006 nourishment Safety Authority of Ireland, Organic Food, 2004) As well as the organic produce export committal defined it as o rganic production emphasizes the handling of renewable resources, conservation of energy and resources, and preservation of the environment, without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides (Peter, 2006 Organic Produce exporting Committee, 2002).Based on the quotes, we know that the organic food has some benefits that pompous food does non have, such as environment friendly, healthy, no hidden danger and so forth. 1. 2 Consumers Awareness of Healthy Eating Foodborne unsoundness caused by microbiological hazards is a large and development public health problem in Europe and world(a). (Deborah, Christopher, Patricia, 2003, p. 434). Thanks to the technology, by watching the press reportage from TV and the Internet, worldwide public awareness of food quality and nutrition has been improving dramatically.A query conducted by Annelies states that food has become less safe, less tasty, a bit much valuable and for sure less healthy. (Annelies, Xavier, Jacques, 2002 p. 61 5). As a result, nowadays the organic food is achieveting more and more universal around the world. Moreover, according to Aikaterini M (2002, p. 346) cave in taste, being like home-grown, being free from BSE, genetic ad ripement and food additives are motivations for buying organic food.It is said that the demand of organic food is growing gradually, and now quite a little are more willing to buy organic food rather than stuffy food. 2. Debate of Difference between Organic Food and Conventional Food Now because the people occupy over their healthy issue and its link with food has been intensified recently, and likely to become more so, it drives cracking many articles getting more concentration on writing about healthy feeding demeanor among these articles, plenty of debates have been arisen for arguing whether the organic food is better than the stately food or not.2. 1 Standpoint of Organic Food Is Better Than Conventional Food Generally, the organic food is more expe nsive than the stately food, but consumers compose willing to pay a premium for organically grown products. According to the results of the organic food consumer survey, respondents who claim to be an organic food consumer rank healthiness first, taste act and environmentally friendly third. (Annelies, et al, 2002, p. 614) 2. 1. 1 Healthiness and Food Safety.Firstly, based on organic food definition, it intelligibly informs its customers that it does not use of any chemo-synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Regarding stodgy food, we cannot say all of conventional food may obligate harmful substance due to pesticide residues remain on food, but what can be sure is the conventional food indeed has risk that threat to health. (Faidon, Fotini, & Antonis 2006) The threat probably is less effect for adult, but gloss over may cause danger to fragile parties, such as babies and old people.Actually, some scientists report trusted pesticide in conventional food co uld, over many years, raise the risk of cancer and new(prenominal) disease in humans. (Faidon, et al, 2006, p. 25) The report also states that the leafy vegetables and fruits with thin skin, lettuce and strawberry for example, are contained much more chemical residues than another(prenominal) types of food. Thus, these high-risk foods should invariably eat organically farmed, or on the season. 2. 1. 2 Taste of Organic Food.Secondly, another debate point that does the organic food taste better than other types of food, the article, written by Laurence and Stacey (2002), said the claim that all organic food taste better than conventional food is not a valid one. Based on his research, the organic orange juice does prove it has a better taste, but his research also shows that there is no difference in taste by compares the organic milk and conventional milk. It is fair to say not all of organic foods taste better than conventional foods, but after all some organic foods are reall y more delicious than other foods.On the other hand, we should not ignore the physiological effect. Many reports and articles admit that there is a worldwide belief that consumers think the organic food does taste better. (Anne, Albert and Clive, 1995 Fotopoulos and Krystalli, 2002 Justin and Jyoti, 2012) It is a great deal of emotional conviction. As a result, even few organic foods do taste nothing special, the general uninformed consumers still taste organic food better because of bias of perspective. 2. 1. 3 Environment Friendly Thirdly, according to embody research, the organic agriculture is perceived as friendly for environment and animal welfare.(Bord 2000 Annelies et al, 2002 Anne et al, 1995 Koen, Joris, & Guido, 2009) According to the report by Bord (2000), the organic farming has many advantages that the conventional farming does have, such as protecting the long term fertility of soils, encouraging soil biological activity, conservation of wildlife and natural habitats and so forth. Additionally, as the author mentioned above, consumers progressively concern to environment issues, which is going to become a trend of green movement in hospitality industry.(Zhang and Jing, 2011) 2. 2 Viewpoint of No Difference between Organic Food and Conventional Food more or less research point out the main reasons prevent consumers to buy organic food are neediness of approachability, expensive, and satisfaction with conventional food. (Emma and Tony, 2005 Aikaterini, 2002) Another research conducted by Faidon, et al (2006), states that organic food probably just buying for peace of mind, because they bank organic food makes no noticeable differences than conventional food.To be more specifically, as the author mentioned above, the food safety is ranked as the first reason consumers buying organic food but in fact the research shows that chemical residue remained level is limited and pleasing in the majority of conventional food. (Faidon, et al, 2006) Even t hough some types of conventional products, such as strawberry, are contained much more chemical residues than other, but many consumers can be satisfied by choosing other substitutable conventional product to replace the unsafe food.On the other hand, the acceptable bar of chemical residues in conventional food may has minimum effect on normal peoples health at least for now it is still the subject of great scientific controversy. (Faidon, et al, 2006) Additionally, because the lack of availability of organic food, the consumers sometimes do not have any options but choose conventional food therefore it may does not have a noticeable advantage that the organic food perplex, unless consumers eating organic food only for a long time. 3.Consumers Perspective of Differences between Organic food, Conventional Food and Genetically Modified (GM) Food, and Their Impact on Hospitality Industry Despite lots of scientists argue what they believe or doubt whether the organic food really worth the money or not, and no topic how many researched data they used to support their view, uninformed consumers always are the major group who essay the organic food based on their own knowledge and perspective. The common sense tells them the nature products are always the safest for human being.Moreover, unlike the conventional food and GM food, the organic food provides a mop label and easily understood ingredient list. In contrast, the first image of consumers perspective of conventional food is that it uses of chemo-synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Although the conventional food has many advantages that the organic food does not have, such as cheap, big, always widely available, and less limited product range, but these advantages are all highly relied on harmful substance (small amount). On the other hand, the GM food also does not give consumers any better confidence in food safety and quality.In fact, based on research, the majority of consumers have shun attitude towards GM food because they do not have exactly knowledge to know how GM food being produced. (Annelies, & Jacques, 2003) Hence, in relation to consumers perspective, organic food really makes difference, by reason of people can assure there is no risk in foods, especially ensure the food safety for fragile party such as babies, pregnant women, older people and so on. Nowadays, not only the increasing consumers choose organic product, but also the restaurants and hotels have realized that the label of organic is bring opportunities to them.Based on the research by Zhang and Jing (2011), more and more hoteliers start to bring organic food on their menu, in order to serve a fine quality food and attract customers. A research of consumer behavior and purchase objective for organic food indicates that health, availability and education from demographic factors positively influence the consumers attitude towards buying organic food and the overall satisfaction of consume rs for organic food is more than inorganic food. (Justin and Joyti, 2012, p.419) Therefore the marketer involved in sale of organic food, hotels for example, must strict and implement a proper strategy to take this chance to maximize the market share. 4. Conclusion and good word Research looked into any differences between organic food and conventional food, in order to find out the substantiations of whether the organic food is better or not. By review many relevant literatures, the author finds out that organic food does make differences in relation to the human healthy, food safety and environment friendly.Regarding to the taste of organic food, the author finds out not all of organic food taste better than conventional food, but some of the organic products indeed have a different flavor. However, in relation to the matter of the whether the organic food has more nutrition than conventional food or not, the evidence for that is scare and questionable. Thus, disrespect of nut rition factor, the author conclude that organic food really makes differences, and is indeed superior.Even though the organic food is better than conventional food, the author still recommends that consumers should eat both organic food and conventional food, by considering the high price of organic food and not always available. While, regarding to vegetables and fruits which contain great amount of chemical residues, such as the strawberry, the author suggest consumers to buy organic if possible, otherwise eat those foods as less as possible.Finally, the hoteliers should do some market research to find out the opportunities that organic food can bring in, and implement a proper strategy to maximize the market share and get benefit from it. Reference Peter M. (2006), Organic food Nature knows best. Shannon College of Hotel Management Organic Produce Export Committee (2002), National Standard for Organic and Bio-Dynamic Produce, Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Canberr a.Food Safety Authority of Ireland. (2004), Organic Food. Deborah A. C. , Christopher J. G., Patricia P. (2003). An investigation of the factors underlying consumers implementation of specific food safety practices British Food journal Vol. 105 (7), 434 453 Faidon M. , Fotini A. , Antonis Z. (2006). Organic Food Buying More Safety or Just Peace of brain? A Critical Review of the Literature Critical Reviews in Food Science and maintenance, 461, 23 56 Laurence F. , Stacey A. (2002). Does organic food taste better? A claim substantiation approach Nutrition & Food Science Vol. 32(4), 153 157 Annelies V. , Xavier G. , Jacques V.(2002).Are organic food consumers opposed to GM food consumers? British Food Journal Vol. 104 (8), 610 623 Aikaterini M. (2002). What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? Results from a qualitative study. British Food Journal Vol. 104 (3), 345 352. Willy L. , Philip S. (2006). Customers Preferences to Healthy Meals, Joseph S. Chen, in (ed. ) 2 (Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, Vol. 2), 265 273 Emma L. , Tony W. , (2005).Australians organic food beliefs, demographics and values, British Food Journal Vol.107 (11), 855 869 Annelies V. , Jacques V. (2003). Exploring and modeling consumer attitudes towards genetically modified food Qualitative Market Research An foreign Journal Vol. 6 (2), 95 110 Anne D. , Albert J. T. , Clive C. , (1995). Who buys organic food? A indite of the purchasers of organic food in Northern Ireland British Food Journal Vol. 97 (10), 17 23 Fotopoulos, C. , Krystallis, A. (2002).Purchasing motives and profile of the Greek organic consumer a countryside survey British Food Journal Vol. 104 (9), 730-65.Justin P. , Jyoti R. , (2012). Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol. 29 (6), 412 422 Koen M. , Joris A. , Guido V. H. (2009). A meta-analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming British Food Journal Vol. 111 (10), 1098 1119 Bord Bia, (2000), Prospects for Organic Food in Ireland. Zhang C. , Jing Y. (2011) Green endeavor in Hotel Industry Opportunities and Issues That Hoteliers Are Facing. Shannon College of Hotel Management.

Design And Construction Fundamentals Of Earth Engineering Essay

Abstraction This paper focuses on farming decameters, maven of the oldest decametre in the universe. Forming service reservoir for domestic water supply supply and irrigation intent, background dams comprise the most legion category. The design and make of Earth dekameters is complex because of the nature of the changing world conditions and the different belongingss of the stuffs available for the building of the embankment. Careful choice of site and pillow slipcasts of stuffs used in the building any bit good as a site see are critical. Last but non least, an apprehension of the possible reverse of Earth decametres is of import in the design and building procedure of the Earth shut ins.1. IntroductionEarth dkms, likewise called Earthen or Earth- modifyed dikes are by and large built in or near drain bourn which has assortment of intents including domestic water supplies, agricultural irrigation, H2O for landscape betterment and other(a)s. One gain of the Ea rth dike is that it can accommodate to a weak institution provided proper con perspectiveration is minded(p) to the human foot and design of the Earth dikes. However, failure of any of import portion of the Earth dikes such(prenominal) as goo, geomorphologic and foundation provide take to the prostration of the whole dike.Types of Earth DamsConstructed as a unsophisticated homogeneous embankment of good compacted Earth, Earth dikes are classified as Homogenous Earth Dams, Zoned Earth Dams and occlusive Dams. A brief treatment of the types of dike is as followHomogeneous Earth Dam is a sort of common Earth dikes which consist of two chief constituents the imperviable to semi-pervious bend and the toe tense up and the drain. The intent of the filter and the drain is to supply a done manner for ooze to go give a flair the dike construction without doing erode. This type of dike is normally built on an imperviable foundation such as solid stone or clay.The following(a) typ e of Earth dike is Diaphragm Dam. A stop dike, can be used when there is no imperviable bed below the dike and alteration of the dike can be made to accommodate at an imperviable bed. Besides, this type of dike is limited to a tallness of 8.0m in order to maintain ooze forces at a unafraid degree.Last type of Earth Dam is Zoned Dam. A Zoned Dam is known to be the most expeditious usage of red cent as each stuff is used to its greatest potency. The melt protection protects the berm from eroding and beckon action, the nucleus retains the H2O and the shoulders stabilize the nucleus. Last, routine 1 shows the 3 types of Earth dikes. kind 1. Cross subdivision of Homogenous Earth dike, Zoned Earth Dam and Diaphragm Dams ( Stone, 2003 ) .2. Design OF EARTH DAMEarth dike is built for the intent of store awaying H2O and is made of compacted Earth. It is normally more convenient when concrete is costly and timber beginning is scarce.2.1 derriereA site probe should be conducted anteri or to building so as to wait on into the nature of the foundation. By cognizing the existent foundation status at site, the Earth dike can so be designed harmonizing to it.A dike foundation is said to be cope with if it is equal to(p) of render a stable support for the embankment under all status of impregnation and burden and that it supply up to(predicate) opposition to seepage to avoid inordinate loss of H2O ( Bureau of reformation 1987 ) .Harmonizing to Bureau of Reclamation ( 1987 ) , dam foundation can be by and large classified into three types viz. foundation of stone, foundation of farinaceous stuff and foundation of powdered stuff.These foundations may necessitate to be treated to beef up any failing every bit good as to cut down ooze. For case, farinaceous, pervious foundations front no troubles in the affair of colony or constancy whereas a powdered, weak foundation is capable to colony or supplanting normally present no job in ooze. Rock foundation on the other manus must be checked for erosive escape and inordinate discover force per unit area. If such conditions exist, grouting to the foundation must be considered.2.2 DirtEarth dike is normally built with clay, anchor and crushed rock and hence is in like manner known as Earth make full dike. The type of dirt used in the building of an Earth dike must be suited to permit for optimal compression every bit good to cut down ooze.Soil permeableness is one of of import standards to be considered in dam design, seepage-confinement units, drainage and other structural elements ( Goldin, AL & A Rasskazov, LN 1992 ) . senior higher(prenominal) frictional opposition and greater permeableness in farinaceous dirts is the ground for its greater stableness as compared to cohesive dirts. Greater permeableness permits rapid dissipation of revolve around H2O force per unit areas turn up from compressive forces.2.3 EmbankmentIn finding the tallness of the embankment, it is necessary to apportion fo r a colony between 5 to 10 per centum. This is to counter its tallness from going lower than the fall tallness ( Figure 2 ) since colony is ineluctable scorn holding a good compression due to the fact that air and H2O are creation forced out of the nothingnesss by the weight of the dike, therefore doing consolidation ( Shaw, R & A Smout, I 2009 ) . During compression, equal exertion should be applied throughout the dike to forestall differential colony. The minimal compression attempt should non be less than 95 % of the Standard Maximum Dry Density ( Department of Primary Industries and water system 2008 ) .The stableness of the embankment depends mostly on its ability to live shear emphasis which comes from internally applied tonss such as the weight of the dirt and the embankment bows, and externally applied tonss such as reservoir and Earthquake tonss.As mentioned earlier, immerseer inclines can be adopted for farinaceous dirts since they are more stable. In contrast, a gentler incline needs to be applied for homogeneous stuff with low permeableness.Figure 2. Cross subdivision of an Earth dike2.4 SpillwaySpillway plays an of import function in Earth dike since it allows inordinate H2O to flux without dominating the dike wall. There are two types of wasteweir viz. the cut wasteweir ( Figure 3 ) and instinctive wasteweir.Figure 3. The place of a cut wasteweirIn order to cut down H2O speed and later minimise eroding, a soft incline for wasteweir must be provided. However, for steep incline, loose rocks or geotextile can be provided to cut down eroding.Apart from that, equal capacity for the wasteweir must be provided to forestall dominating and to enable the wasteweir to efficaciously manage run-off.3. Construction ON EARTH DAMS3.1 DeprivingOrganic dirt and flora must be re escaped from the country that go away be cover by the dam base. The removed organic dirt are stockpiled and used on the downstream incline of the fill.3.2 Key impingeKey chuck which is besides known as cutoff trench is excavated below the base of the fill to a lower limit of three pess deep for dike with 10 to 12 pess height. The cardinal trench is included in the dike design to procure the dike to the base stuff and to forestall ooze under the fill.3.3 Diversion tunnelDiversion ravishs are excavated before the dike can be constructed. This tunnel is a great deal lined with concrete. The tunnel is built around the dike building country at one side of the vale. In the drill holes, explosive stuffs are fixed and blaring will takes topographic point. The dirt or broken stone is so removed. The stairss are repeated until the tunnel is completed.Figure 4. Constructing a recreation channel ( hypertext point protocol //www.hydro.com.au/handson/students/images/damb1.gif )In Figure 5, after the dike building is completed, the recreation channel is close o let the lake to get down make fulling.Figure 5. Closing of recreation tunnel ( hypertext transfer protoc ol //www.hydro.com.au/handson/students/images/damb4.gif )3.4 CofferdamIn summer, the building on deviating the river starts when the river degrees are low. At the upstream of the upstream of the chief dike building country, little dike which is besides called as caisson are built. It is built utilizing Earth-moving equipment. The caisson will move as a barrier to the river and the H2O will flux to the recreation tunnels.The 2nd caisson will be built downstream of the chief dike building country. At this country, the caisson will forestall the river flow to flux back into the building country.Figure 6. Cofferdams act as barriers to the river ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.hydro.com.au/handson/students/images/damb2.gif )3.5 Foundation GroutingGrouting consists of lines or a line of holes which are drilled into the dike foundation. The two types of foundation grouting are raiment and consolidation grouting.3.6 Curtain groutingCurtain grouting consists of a individual row of urart hritis holes which are drilled and grouted in period by bagger proving to the base of the permeable stone or to a deepness that acceptable hydraulic gradients are achieved ( Fell et al 2005 ) .Based on Figure 7, primary holes are drilled foremost. The stomach hole spacing will usually be 1.5m or 4m, but besides may be every bit close as 0.5m ( Fell et al 2005 ) . This attack allows control over the force of the drape grouting.Figure 7. Curtain and consolidation grouting ( Fell et al, 2005 )Figure 8. Grouting downstage with bagger ( WRC, 1981 )3.7 Fill buildingEarth dike is normally constructed from imperviable stuff which is clay or clay-based stuff. The building stuffs, taken from the environing country have to be placed and compacted horizontally in the fill. Dry dirts are normally added with wet and compression equipment such as a sheepsfoot bagger is used to obtain the proper compression.The building started by make fulling the cutoff trench with well-compacted stuff and six inch beds is added until the maximal tallness is obtained. The top of the dike at the centre of the hook on is normally built 10 per cent higher than the design to let colony of the fill.Based on Figure 9, a riparian pipe is placed through the underside of the fill and a frost-free valve is placed on the riparian pipe. This pipe and valve system map is to let H2O to be released downstream to other H2O storage installations during H2O deficits.Figure 9. Elevation position of dike ( hypertext transfer protocol //www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/ $ subdivision/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex4613 )4. POTENTIAL FAILURES OF EARTH DAMS voltage failures of dikes have ever been great importance and much attending has been give to safety rating and research due to their black effects. Harmonizing to Fell, MacGregor, Stapledon and campana ( 2005 ) , 79 % of Earth dikes with less than 30m high suffer more failures than higher dike. This may reflect better design, monitoring and surveillance of larger dike. Pote ntial failures of Earth dike can be grouped into three classs fluid mechanicss failure, ooze failure and structural failures. A detail treatment of the types of possible failure of Earth dike is as follow4.1 Fluid mechanicss visitationFluid mechanicss failure come outs by the sur example eroding of the dike by H2O. Fluid mechanicss failure is due to several(prenominal) grounds. One of fluid mechanicss failure is dominating of dikes. Dominating failure occurs when the degree of the reservoir exceeds the capacity of the dike. Harmonizing to Fell, MacGregor, Stapledon and Bell ( 2005 ) , over-topping is one of the chief causes of failure in Earth dikes. Overtopping may besides be caused by inadequate freeboard provided. Figure 10 shows the overtopping of Earth dike.Following, eroding of upstream face ( Figure 11 ) due to invariable wave action caused eroding of the dike. However, this can be avoided if the surface is protected by rock rip-rap and filter. The following ground is du e to eroding of downstream incline by rain H2O. Although the downstream face of the embankment is non alter by reservoir H2O, it may acquire eroded by heavy rain fluxing down the face of the dike, doing the formation of gullies and eventually prostration of the whole dike.An Example of failure of Earth dikes due to dominating is southwestern Fork Dam which is built across Conemaugh River, Pennsylvania. The intent of the dike was to provide H2O to a passable canal from Johnstown to Pittsburg. The dike was about 2.5m high and during a heavy rainstorm on 30th May 1889, giving sum of dust was washed into the reservoir and blocked the wasteweir. Finally the dike was overtopped and failed by eroding let go ofing a inundation moving ridge about 1.2m high.Figure 10. Overtopping of dike ensuing in washout ( Bassell, 1999 ) .Figure 11. Erosion of upstream face by moving ridges interrupting on the surface ( Bassell, 1999 ) .4.2 gook failureSeepage failure is besides known as piping failur e. Seepage failures are by and large caused by pervious foundation, escape through embankments, conduit escape and shedding. All dikes have seepage as the impounded H2O seeks way of least opposition through the dike construction and its foundation. If the surface ooze intersects the upstream face of the dike, eroding may happen which will take to possible failure of the dike. Typical method used to look out on the measure of ooze is rock fills installed at the downstream toe or gravel covers to cross the line of ooze before it reaches downstream toe as shown in Figure12.Figure 12. Seepage through a dike or embankment with stone toe or crushed rock cover. ( Stone, 2003 )4.3 Structural FailureStructural failure includes failure of the upstream, downstream inclines of the Earth dike, foundation every bit good as checking distortion and colony ( Figure 13 ) of the dike construction that may take to dominating or seepage failure. Slides in embankment occur when the inclines are excessiv ely steep ( Figure 14 ) for the shear strength of the embankment stuff to defy the emphasiss imposed. Failure of this type normally cause by defective design and building.As for foundation failure, it occurs because of inordinate pore H2O force per unit area which reduces the strength of the dirt which it may non be able to defy the shear emphasiss induced by the embankment. Furthermore, harm caused by tunneling animate beings lead to structural failure. This causes seepage H2O to flux out rapidly, transporting all right stuffs along which accordingly leads to shrieking failure within the construction of the dike and eventually take to a complete prostration of the dike.Figure 13. Excessive colony of dike and foundation ( Bassell, 1999 ) .Figure 14. Downstream face excessively steep unable to be resisted by dirt shear strength ( Bassell, 1999 ) .5. DecisionEarth dike, besides known as Earth filled dike, is built for the intent of hive awaying H2O. It can be classified into three dif ferent types which vary in their designs.A site probe must be conducted prior to plan and building to find the appropriate design that suits the foundation of the dike.The type of dirt used in the building of the Earth dike must let for optimal compression. The stableness of the dirt will so act upon the incline design of the embankment.During building, flora and organic dirt will be removed from the dam country. Water will be diverted to let for building. In add-on, grouting is besides done to assist better the foundation.When planing and building an Earth dike, it is besides critical to see possible dike failures so as to take considerations to forestall it.