Initial Response to Exercise - 1115 Words

Initial Response to Exercise Within this article I will be outlining the key elements of the initial responses of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular and energy systems to exercise. As a matter of first importance, there are numerous reactions that happen in the cardiovascular system that produce improvements inside of the initial two minutes of exercise. One of these is heart rate. The heart rate rises by pumping more blood around the body. Typically, the cardiac muscles of the heart dividers will contract around 60-80 times each moment. Nonetheless, when exercise is begun, the body understands that more oxygen is required for the muscles to work at their maximum capacity. In this manner, the heart pumps more blood†¦show more content†¦These nerve driving forces are little electric streams which gone through the central nervous system, through the nerves and after that into the muscle tissue. These nerves that send the sign are known as motor neurones. This is something which happens in the principal snippets of exercise, so that the cerebrum realises that the muscles need to work. The neuromuscular intersection is the place the nerve meets the muscle. Here, the nerve transmits its sign to make the muscle contract. Firstly, the presynaptic membrane discharges acetycholine. This then diffuses over the crevice and produces an electrical sign. In the event that this sign is sufficiently enormous, the muscle then contracts. After the muscle has finished its appointed task, cholinesterase separates the acetycholine so that the procedure is prepared to begin once more. Motor units are gatherings of muscle strands. There is a sign sent from the central nervous system down to the motor unit to let it know regardless of whether to contract. In any case, it can just completely contract or not contract by any stretch of the imagination. Amid the principal minutes of exercise these motor units produce muscle withdrawal at various rates. A considerable lot of these gatherings all contracting in the meantime brings about one smooth muscle contracting prepared for exercise. Muscle axles then recognise when the muscle is contracted. On the off c hance that they findShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Spinal Cord Injury802 Words   |  4 PagesI. Spinal cord injury, Stoke, TBI A. Goal: 1. Regain functional gait through partial weight-bearing therapy. B. Method: 1. Initial removal of 40% of patients body weight until patient exhibits gait symmetry on treadmill 2. Increase body weight patient must ambulate with on treadmill with symmetry in gait until a reduction of 20% has been achieved 3. Patient is now able to ambulate on treadmill with gait symmetry at 20 % body weight reduction; speed may be increased to develop functional step speedRead MoreMitigation : The Challenge For Emergency Medical Services920 Words   |  4 Pagesagent and hold drills on pre-hospital triage, initial treatment and the transport of victims. Annual mock disaster exercises can improve decontamination, triage, on-scene medical care and victim transport. First responders need to be trained in recognizing signs of a CBRNE attack to ensure they respond in a safe manner to protect them from becoming injured as well as from contaminating additional individuals. An emergency exercise of the emergency response plan should be conducted regularly to ensureRead MoreThe Response Of The Sciatic Nerve1171 Words   |  5 Pages The study of the response of the sciatic nerve and the neuromuscular to the Rana pipens was constructed by the Comparative Animal Physiology lab manual for both the nerve compound action potential (Lab five) and the neuromuscular junction (Lab six) (Norris, et al.,2016). In order to analyze the responses of the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius of a Rana pipens, one exercise was selected from Lab five and five exercises were selected from Lab six. Both lab five and Lab six had aRead MoreMethods And Materials Of The Heart Rate Using The Radial And Apical Pulses965 Words   |  4 Pagesthree minutes of exercise, and after one minute of recovery for both members involved. Once all the data is submitted, calculate the mean (average) heart rate for each experimental condition, there should be three averages for both the apical and radial pulse. Once this data is collected they need to be graphed to see the difference between the readings recorded. RESULTS: The average for our class s initial radial at rest was 78 beats per minute and the average for our classes initial apical at restRead MoreObesity Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesimpairments (1, 2, 10). Resulting in reduce ability of the individual to perform simple daily activities (1, 4, 5). The limitations are usually noticeable during weight bearing tasks including walking, stair-climbing, and rising from a chair (1, 5). In response to the increased body weight, the obese individual will adapt several strategies to reduce the metabolic cost required to move and maintain stability of the body segment against gravity (2, 11). As well as to avoid the pain discomfort brought byRead MoreA Survey On Eating Habits And How Often A Person Exercises Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesactive every day. Lack of exercise is a major problem we face in society. The government has provided many statistics on physical activity, like how 80.2 million people above the age of six are physically inactive. I was really interested to see the exercise levels in busy college student’s lives. Research Objectives I decided to conduct a survey on eating habits and how often a person exercises. I wanted to see an average of how many days a week people workout or exercise. I was also curious toRead MoreA Research Study On Frog Muscle1618 Words   |  7 Pagesactivated fibers also depend on frequency and stimulation. In the first exercise, increasing the stimulus until a plateau was met tested the relationship between stimulus and response. This then gave us the supermaximal excitation voltage value that would later be used in the rest of the experiments. In exercise two, we observed the muscle’s response to a continuous stimulus at different frequencies and tetanus. Finally In exercise 3, raising the micro-positioner by intervals of 2 mm stretched the muscleRead MoreEffective Strength And Conditioning Program For An Injured Athlete1116 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the subsequent rehabilitation involved that will successfully return the injured athlete to full participation. Because ankle sprains are the most common basketball injury, this chapter will discuss the treatment plan considerations. The initial objective with an ankle sprain is to control swelling that includes protection, rest, ice, compression, and evaluation (P.R.I.C.E) treatment. The P.R.I.C.E treatment plan involves 1) protecting the ankle with braces, wraps, or crutches, 2) restingRead MoreWhat Type Of Exercise Will Be Conducted?957 Words   |  4 Pagesplanning and preparation aspect of an exercise to be answered include: †¢ What type of exercise will be conducted? †¢ What type of exercise scenario will be used? †¢ Who will participate in the exercise activity and what level of knowledge and understanding of the Business Continuity Management program do the participants have (including their roles and responsibilities)? †¢ What parts of the plan will be tested? †¢ Who will facilitate and observe the exercise outcomes? Exercising a plan is brokenRead MoreThe Exercise Of A Steady State Exercise970 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Steady state exercise is the activity that achieves a balance between the energy required by working muscles and the rate of oxygen and delivery for aerobic ATP production. This lab is conducted to determine the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and rating of perceived exertion response at rest to moderate cardiovascular exercise at a steady state workload and RPM. I hypothesized that exercising on an exercise bike the subjects participating

The Effects Of Taking Conflict On Conflict Management...

Taking Conflict Personally Conflict, according to Dictionary.com, means to come into collision or disagreement; be contradictory, at variance, or in opposition; clash (Conflict Definition, n.d.). There are so many different things that impact each individual on conflict, such as our beliefs, how we were raised, attitude, and life experiences that it is really easy to see how conflict arises. After reading the Peer Reviewed Journal â€Å"Effects of taking conflict personally on conflict management styles across cultures† by Eun Joo Kim, Ayano Yamaguchi, Min-Sun Kim, and Akira Miyahara, it really drew me in as I sometimes take conflict personally and am exploring different ways not to get so sucked in, what I really wanted to see how I stacked up against others. According to the directscience.com (Kim, Yamaguchi, Kim, Miyahara, 2014) there were four hundred and fifty seven undergraduate students that participated in this hypothesis the average age of the students who participated were age 20.95. One hundred eighty five students (approximately 40.5%) were from Seinan Gaukin University Japan the average age of the students from Japan was 19.78) two hundred seventy two students were from collectively University of Texas and University of Hawaii. Because this hypothesis is being conducted across cultures the writers wanted two different areas these cultures were chosen because they are so different. 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Giving Pluto Telecommunications A New Turn

Question: Outline and analyze the problems confronting Pluto Telecommunications and offer recommendations for their resolution. Answer: Introduction Pluto is a vast organisation based on the provision of telecommunication services to its customer. With the high demand for these services as technology continues to advance, Pluto is, therefore, dealing with a large number of customers. This implies that there is a need to employ a large number of workers in an attempt to attend to these large numbers that are growing day after day. In an organisation or any institution, an increase in its population makes it hard to manage. Pluto is facing similar problems. 1.0 Problems identification Lack of teamwork Poor co-ordination Inefficient upward communication lack of commitment Bureaucratic ethos 2.0 Analysis of the issues 2.1 Lack of teamwork Andrew Carnegie defines teamwork in his quote as, the ability to pursue a common goal in work. The ability to focus on organisational accomplishments in working as one. This drives different people to achieve the same results. Teamwork is lacking in the three departments of this organisation. Veronica, a managing director, reports that the three departments do not only have a bad association amongst themselves but also they work counter each other. This means that they dont share the same vision and mission. They are serving their own interest and trying to show themselves better than the members of the other departments. in an organisation bringing different people from different geographies to pursue a common goal, if they split then they will be divided in views since they cannot share a common view basing on a certain matter. Due to a large number of customers served, this lack of teamwork possesses a great hindrance to the development of the organisation as a whole. Different departments are driven by different interest and this is the major cause of division here. Manktelow et al, (2016) state in the team assessment survey that these days almost everybody is a member of some team. They add that if you do not participate actively in a team then, there are possibilities that you participate within one in some way for it's very important to know your weaknesses and strengths as far as teamwork is concerned so that you may further the development of your career. This challenges the Pluto work staff and explains their differences in opinion regarding matters of organisational development. 2.2 Poor coordination There are also major coordination issues among the three departments. they are totally losing it as far as coordination is concerned. This is well illustrated by the sales department where they promise the customers installation without consulting the customer service department that has the engineers responsible for the installation process. The marketing team also releases a new product to the market without communicating and passing relevant information to the sales and customer services department giving the latter hard time dealing with customers linked to this new product. These departments have their roles linked up whereby information from one department is passed to the other department for implementation. Their lack of coordination only means that a lot of work is going to be left unattended for since the other departments have no idea what is going on. It is a well-known fact that information is power, therefore, failing to pass the same to the other departments only means more harm than good to this Pluto organisation. Sharief (2016) in his opinion shares that if coordination is lacking in an organisation then this reduces its productivity, makes processes complicated and completion assignments gets delayed. He further states that for one to manage the entire organisations efforts, a system of integration of events that creates organisational accountability is required, just as Tim Bobby called for. He further adds giving these processes implementations gives room for coordination within the departments in the entire organisation among employees. This is why Veronica complains about the decrease in the productivity. Even a small organisation cannot survive if there are instances of lack of coordination amongst its members. With this lack of coordination, it is obvious that most of the work might end up being done more than one time since one department has no idea what the other was working on. This will consume the resources of the organisation drastically and reduce the output by a high value due to the time wasted as one work is repeated. This is going to incur the organisation great losses for it is always a primary objective of any business entity to reduce the cost as much as possible in order to enjoy god profits. Pulling a lot of resources towards one task will only see this business suffer a blow of losses. Information is not passing accordingly through the departments. This is going to make the organisation lose a lot of data in the process. Without this data, a lot of work is going to be left undone or done poorly since data forms a part of the input, for any organisation, that is manipulated to produce the desired output. This, in turn, is going to delay a lot of operations in the organisation. Any delay on a job to be done in an organisation comes with a loss in the process. This is because a lot of time is concentrated on working on one thing, a time that could be used to attend to some other job to gain more profit. Time is money and for any business entity to see good progress, they must keep this in mind always and forever. 2.3 Inefficient upward communication Upward communication is discouraged in this Pluto organisation. This is well illustrated when Mr Wensley is told to wait outside the boardroom by his boss, Veronica. Mr. Matthew is also interrupted as he calls for integration by the boss. The Business Communication (2015) states that upward communication results to a good labour-management relationship whereby employees lower level executives bring forth information and top executives use such information, after analysing it, to come to a common decision which results in the subordinates being at good terms with their superiors a factor that improves the operations of the whole organisation. When the upward communication is discouraged then it means that the superiors dont get relevant reports from their subordinates. This means that they lose track of how those they are to supervise are doing their job. That friendly environment between the boss and the worker is necessary for easy passage of information that can lead to the development of the organisation. Luthans supports this in his work as he reports that, Feedback makes communication a two-way process and is a big problem with much of e-mail that turns out to be only one-way. As electronic communication becomes more interactive, such problems can be overcome. There is continuing research evidence that feedback not only improves communication but also, in turn, leads to a more effective manager and organisational performance (2011, p.254). The subordinate staff is very close to the customers more than their superiors. This means that they are rich in ideas which can make the organisation improve its productivity because they know the taste of the customers and share the feeling of the customers on certain products. With this experience, they are more innovative and can bring forth ideas that will see the organisation thrive beyond the grasp of its competitors. This means that if such information is passed to the superiors then the organisation will, in turn, enjoy much more benefits. This lacking in Pluto and it is a serious blow to them. The upward communication is also key to a favourable working environment. If the employees are free to talk to their superiors, then they will be motivated to work even hard because they cannot afford to lose that relationship. This will result in the workers being at great harmony and simplify work in the organisation. Most human beings work best when they a peace of mind. Here their self-esteem is boosted and they gather a lot of confidence that will enable them to work even much better. In the absence of this, the output they bring forth is undesirable. 2.4 lack of commitment Mowday, et al. defines an organisational commitment to be the tendency of an employees oversight and relations that shows his loyalty to his work. Other than this, he says that commitment to an organisation entails the willingness of an individual to do all that it takes to see the goals of an organisation achieved (1979). The workers of this organisation do not show commitment to the job they are doing. The commitment of workers is one factor that is paramount that if met then any organisation shows a great success. This missing commitment is seen when Mr. Matthew says, "I know not the happenings outside my department because (a) it is none of my business and (b) There is no time to find out." A committed worker would gather any relevant information that may benefit the organisation he is working for not only from his department but also from other departments so that he is well updated on the operations going on in his workplace. The sales personnel are also reported that they are mostly after the bonuses they receive on the sales they make such that once they make one transaction, they are much eager to jump to the next for more bonuses. These employees should, on the other hand, put more efforts in the development of the organisation. Commitment enables the worker to operate till late hours. They readily volunteer to duties even those outside their departments for the good of the organisation. A workplace with employees driven their commitment thrives even their competitors are stiff. There is nothing good as working with a passion. This can see you achieve a lot of things in your working career. This gives your supervisors less work thus releasing you from working under great pressure. UK Essays (2013) reports that if benefits and support is offered to the employees by the organisation then absenteeism will be reduced and, in addition, they feel appreciated for the services they offer. This will automatically make the employees develop much interest in their work and show surprising commitment for the betterment of the organisation. 2.5. Bureaucratic ethos This is the spirit whereby top officials in an organisation are the only ones responsible for major decision making. Landry addresses the topic on bureaucracy in his book stating, Bureaucracies exist in the public, private and community spheres in various forms. They can be complex in their precise characteristics depending on their purpose, mission, scope and size. A bureaucracy is the organisational structure of larger organisations which have systematic procedures, protocols and regulations to manage activity. These dictate how most processes are executed as well as the formal division of powers, hierarchies, and relationships intended to anticipate needs and improve efficiency. Here the focus is on the public domain, yet it has as much relevance to how large corporations operate as to public institutions. Key principles have evolved in how they operate such as neutrality or leaving vision making to politicians. This can constrain initiative, motivation and creative potential (2011). We are told that managers from higher grades are reticent to communicate with other managers from a lower grade. This is very uncalled for since for an organisation to meet its set goals, then all the opinions and suggestions must be taken into consideration. Due to the division of labour and specialisation, that is seen in most organisations, a worker may develop a feeling that he is entitled to all the major decisions around his area of specialisation. This is wrong since other employees from a different department may provide better ideas as well. For good progress, every employee should be taken into consideration as far as opinion is concerned. 3.0 Alternatives 3.1 Lack of teamwork Lack of teamwork adversely affects on tasks, which cannot be completed without effective teamwork thus, the teamwork must be improved and for this the team members must be chosen sensitively, so that the tasks would be completed in appropriate way. 3.2 Poor coordination In order improve the efficiency of the product and services the coordination among the different section of the organization must be improved, that help the organization in improving the efficiency of the product and services of the organization thus help in improving the prospectus of the organization. 3.3 Inefficient upward communication For better outcome as well as to achieve the goals and objectives the upward communication is most important as it help to know the management about the performance along with performance issues so that they can take important steps in order to minimize the issues and improve the performance of the employees thus performance of the organization. 3.4 lack of commitment The entire employees of the organization must be committed towards their requisite duties and responsibilities so that all the vital tasks would be completed within the predefined time and standard, which help the organization to achieve the goals and objectives of the organizations. 3.5 Bureaucratic ethos Bureaucratic ethos must be avoided by the management staffs as in current scenario the effective coordination between the top and middle management is most important and it is necessary for the successful accomplishment of the goal and objectives of the organization. 4. Recommendation 4.1. Encourage teamwork Chalmers (2016) emphasises on teamwork in his statement where is states, it doesnt matter if you are a boss or planning to lead, you should push for teamwork, in your workplace, for it builds skill in business. He clarifies that this is not just put the best guys together, it is more than just that In an effort to promote teamwork, the superiors should always make sure that those whom he heads share in the future plans of the organisation. By so doing, the members will work as a team achieve the goals of the organisation. The organisation should also set targets to be met by the different departments and for the members of the departments as well. By so doing, the members of the departments will have to work together in order to hit the target. Rewards should be promised to teams that do great not individuals for this will nature the togetherness in the organisation. The employees should always be made to feel as part of the organisation. A firm trust should be developed between the employees and their bosses. If this is done, every information that regards the organisation will be shared equally and no employee will be left in the dark. Being informed is enough motivation to work even harder for you will feel that the organisation values you and every service that you have to offer them. This openness will enable the superiors to pay attention to whatever other employees have to say. This, in turn, moulds a bond so strong. 4.2. Encourage coordination When teamwork is fully encouraged, coordination between the departments will follow promptly. This is because, with the teams in place, coordination of the different departments will be needed in order for the set targets to be met. With these in place, all the operations of the organisation will fall back to normally and work done smoothly. In addition, harmony and unity will be achieved. The unitary Pluto culture will be brought back to life once again. This is the secret to the successes seen by many organisations globally. With coordination at hand, employees can work in the areas where they specialise in much easily. Business Management reports that, In modem organisation, diversification and complexities of technology give rise to specialisation. The organisation hires specialists who that they are competent to handle their jobs. They do not consult departmental heads. This often leads to conflict among specialists and departmental heads. Therefore, coordination is needed to reconcile differences to ensure unity of action achieve the organisational objective (2013). By doing this, the production will be improved and time saved. This means that resources will be pulled towards achieving a goal are utilised accordingly and result seen. The organisation will enjoy great profits in return. Success is not all about doing everything possible, sometimes it is all about doing just the little things. 4.3. Create a conducive environment for working Begumisa (2014) while writing on building a conducive environment for working reports that, creating the right environment for working entails knowing how to motivate the employees and this would depend on the behavioural and the physical factors. They are as follows: facilities and equipment, atmosphere and workspace, an environment free of noise (although this could vary from one profession to another), encouragement to foster creativity, and ability to make the workplace fun. The environment that you are working in defines how best you will perform in it. Giving the employees a good pay improves their working environment. They will feel motivated and produce their best. This will also see the sales personnel stop going just after the bonuses but do a job with a lot of passion. Providing the working allowances in time and hearing out your employees when they ask for a day or two off with genuine reasons will improve their working environment. Every employee works to their level best when they are at ease with everything around them. This is how you can grant them this. 5.0 Plan of action 5.1 Lack of teamwork In order to improve the teamwork between the members, the members of a team would be selected sensitively and there several workshops will be arranged for the teams so that they can understand each others, their capabilities and weakness, which help in planning the task accordingly. Besides this, it helps in improving their personal relationship and bondage that improve their coordination so that the work would be done more efficiently. 5.2 Poor co-ordination In order to improve the coordination between the different sections of the organization the organization will plan several joint conventions for the sections which related to each other so that the communication and relation between the employees of different sections can be improved and thus the coordination between the different sections would be improved. 5.3 Inefficient upward communication For improving the upward communication between the employees, middle manager and top level managers, the organization must plan some meeting, get together, conventions among the different level of employees of the organization, which help in improving the relation among them and thus the upward communication of the organization will be improved. 5.4 lack of commitment In order to improve the commitment of the employees the organization must take adequate motivational strategies so that the employees will be motivated towards their work and improve their commitment towards their work. 5.5 Bureaucratic ethos The Bureaucratic ethos must be prohibited, as it hinder the growth of the company so a frequent meeting between the top level management officials with middle management staffs will be arranged, where the middle managers freely discuss the issue, which they face in order to obtain certain performance from the employees. Conclusion It is very evident that Pluto is facing a lot of managerial issues. These are not permanent though; they can be all stopped and a new chapter opened that will see this organisation to the skies. Listed above are a number of resolutions that if followed step by step then Pluto can get to the place Veronica desires it to be. With all these resolutions in place, Pluto will definitely take a new turn and achieve all it goals. It will not only prosper as an organisation but also the employees in it will develop their careers and achieve their dreams as they work together as one big family. United they shall stand. References Begumisa, L. J. (2014). Building a conducive working environment. Business Management Ideas (2013). Importance of proper coordination to achieve organisational objectives. Chalmers, E. (2016). 13 Ways to encourage teamwork. Landry, C. (2011). The creative bureaucracy: A think piece. Luthans, F. (2011). Organisational behavior. 12th ed. Manktelow, J. et al, (2016). Team effectiveness assessment: How good is your team? Mowday, R. T., Richard M.S. Lyman W. P. (1997). The measurement of organisational commitment; Journal of Vocational Behavior. Sharief, S. (2015). How can bad coordination between departments affect the sales process? The Business Communication (2015). Advantages and disadvantages of upward communication.

Training Plan Proposal First Aid and Cpr Training Essay Example

Training Plan Proposal: First Aid and Cpr Training Essay Introduction Bill Owens, DDS strives to provide a safe environment for all its stakeholders, including patients and employees. In order to discover the strengths and weaknesses of first aid and CPR training in our office, a needs assessment was conducted during a period of several months prior to the development of this training program. The needs assessment revealed that the current staff is unfamiliar with the concepts and skills needed to properly assess and administer first aid. A pre-training assessment administered by the American Red Cross revealed that the potential trainees displayed competency in only 1 of the 11 basic skills areas Morale and productivity are suffering as a result of this deficiency. In addition, emergencies, which call for immediate and precise attention, may result in further injury or loss of life due to the lack of knowledge in these areas. To address this need, a formal First Aid and Training plan is being proposed. Objectives The desired result of the trainee’s education in this area is based on a Competency Model.   The elements of basic first aid and CPR skills, as well as, operation of the automated external defibrillator will be addressed during training. Each trainee will be expected to attain an expert level in each area as the result of initial and repeated training. Each trainee will be expected to attain certification in first aid and CPR. The period to reach this level will be no longer, than six months after the initial training is received. Training design A certified Red Cross member will administer the initial course in the First Aid and CPR training program. We will write a custom essay sample on Training Plan Proposal: First Aid and Cpr Training specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Training Plan Proposal: First Aid and Cpr Training specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Training Plan Proposal: First Aid and Cpr Training specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The lesson plans will include both lecture, with the aid of audiovisual content, hands-on practice, and real-life simulations. The resources needed for this training will include an instructor, the office conference area, audiovisual equipment, information booklets, and the allotment of one eight hour work day. Also at this time, a safety coordinator will be selected to learn the course materials so he or she can meet the requirements to provide future in-house instruction on this subject matter. Since new employees may be introduced into our organization uring the development stage of our in-house program, a set of training videos will be purchased along with testing materials to supplement the yearly training schedule. A maximum of eleven months and 29 days will pass between each annual session of formal refresher training.   A maximum of 6 months and one day will exist between informal refreshers of basic skills. This period is based on numerous studies by the Occupational safety and Health Administration, which show that, the retention rate for these skills last between 6 and 12 months (OSHA). Training evaluation The effectiveness of the training program will be assessed on a multi-annual basis. The method of evaluation will incorporate the â€Å"Kirkpatrick’s four-level framework† (Noe p. 200-204). Level 1 gauges the trainees’ reaction to the training. The method of assessment for this level will consist of surveys that will be distributed and completed by the employee’s after each yearly training session. Level 2 which evaluates the knowledge obtained from the training will be monitored using a pretest/posttest design. Each trainee will be given an identical exam covering the lesson objectives before the training and after completion. Level 3 gauges the changes in the trainee’s behavior because of training. Applications of skill competencies will be exhibited in unannounced real-life simulations of practical situations. The doctors on a daily basis will also observe behavior. Level 4 evaluates the results or business related outcomes of the training. The trainee’s will also see the result of successful training in a monetary benefit. Performance evaluations will assess the skill and behavior improvements or need for improvements in this area. Monthly productivity reports in comparison to pre-training reports will be used to monitor the financial results of the program. Financial and non-monetary implications Up to this point, First Aid and CPR training has not been included in our budget. However, our flexible budget for the fiscal year 2007 has already been adjusted to provide an allowance in the amount of $4000 to allocate this expense. A recent cost-benefit analysis has made us aware that this expense is minute compared to the benefits which will result from the training. The breakdown of this analysis is displayed on the board in front of you but let me summarize the results for you. The total training costs for the fiscal year 2007 amount to a mere $3833. 16 which means that the cost of each trainee is only $319. 44. The benefits, which include increased productivity of the staff and doctors, and the avoidance of potential yearly non-compliance fines by OSHA, amount to over $75,000. In addition, quality of care and employee morale will increase. And even though these last two benefits are not measurable in dollars, their presence is indeed priceless for our organization. The expected Return on Investment (ROI) is a whopping 19. 6 percent with a total savings of $71,367 per year. Alternative Methods of Training Other types of training designed to instill and enhance first aid and CPR skills have been explored. E learning was immediately ruled out since the expense is quite high and no hands on practice exists for the trainees. The other two methods, which were considered, were sending the entire staff to a community CPR class or having a Red Cross instructor, provide our training each year in our office. A comparison of the costs of these alternatives and the aforementioned option of an in-house instructor show that the chosen option is by far the least expensive. Please note that these costs are only direct costs and do not include indirect costs or overhead. Other downfalls of these alternatives include the flexibility and individual feedback lacking in the community training and office visit settings. Legal Implications The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA p. 10) First Aid standard (29 CFR 1910. 151) requires trained first-aid providers at all workplaces of any size if there is no â€Å"infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees. †(OSHA p. 10) The nearest full- service care center is located approximately thirteen miles away from our facility so this regulation refers to our situation. In addition to first-aid requirements of 29 CFR 1910. 51,† several OSHA standards also require training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) because sudden cardiac arrest from asphyxiation, electrocution, or exertion may occur†. (OSHA p. 10 ). Fines for violations of these standards range from thousands to millions depending on the severity and repetitions of the violation. In addition, written safety plans and appropriately trained staff can minimize the potential for damages lawsuits posed by employees and patients. Conclusion The decision to present this proposal for the implementation of a First Aid and CPR training program has resulted from the outcomes of a thorough needs assessment. This organization has the needed resources available for training and the employees are willing and motivated to embrace this continuous learning experience. A demonstrated lack of skills and abilities in first aid and CPR, as well as, unmet standards designated by OSHA make it imperative that our office immediately implement the proposed plan. Executive Summary The organization of Bill Owens D. D. S. is dedicated to transforming into a learning organization, which not only creates and shares information to enhance productivity and growth within the workplace, but also use this knowledge to give back to the community. The proposed First aid and Training program adheres to our core business strategy to provide a safe and caring environment for all stakeholders. This training will enhance employee skills, which will not only be utilized in the office, but also, at home and in the community. In essence, it will be affecting a large number of lives and the knowledge can be easily transferred to others. The basic skills, which will be taught during the program, will maintain our strict adherence to federal standards and regulations. Its outcomes are also tied to key business results, such as increasing the bottom line through increases in productivity. Works Cited Cost Comparison. (n. d. ). American Red Cross, Seattle. â€Å"Workplace In-House Instructors†. 11 Oct 2007 http://www. seattleredcross. org/show. aspx? mi=4180 Noe, Raymond A. Employee Training and Development. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw- Hill/Irwin, 2008. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) â€Å"Best Practices Guide: Fundamentals of a Workplace First-Aid Program†. 11 Oct 2007 http://www. osha. gov/Publications/OSHA3317first-aid. pdf