Applied Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied Linguistics EssaySecond vocabulary attainment has always frame an meaning(a) work-field both in schools and other private sectors sleep withing with words statement and teaching process especially in the time of global integration. It is a complex activity involving a mix of internal work outs such as age, cleverness, motivation, soulality, or learning strategiesand external factors such as socio-economic and cultural background, learning and teach contexts All these factors play a really strategic role in prentices? success in acquiring and victimization a gage style. Thus, disciples second linguistic communication skill can be greatly improved when teachers have a wear out actualizeing of the learner, of the learning process and of the vari able-bodieds that may jock or stop learners linguistic process achievement. Beca mathematical function of the limited size of this expression, I am going to discuss several(prenominal) of the most important factors affecting learners second style achievement motivation, age, personality, tender and cultural factor in order to analyze what stimulates successful wording learning and what places obstacles in the learner s path to wording proficiency.II. DEVELOPMENTII. 1. Some factors affecting learners L2 achievement II. 1. 1. Internal factors II. 1. 1. 1. Motivation It is undeniable that motivation is adept of the major factors in deciding the learners failure or success in second phraseology achievement. Motivation is a kind of desire for learning. It is very onerous to teach a second manner of speaking in a learning environment if the learner does non have a desire to learn a language. Reece Walker (1997) stress that a less able bookman who is highly motivated can achieve greater success than the more intelligent student who is not well motivated.In this article, we are touch with motivation related to foreign language learn and learning. Wilkins (1972) points out that motivation is not a world-wide covert term for possibly distinct concept such as energy, interest and enjoyment, provided instead, restricted to the degree of unstrainedness to learn which depends largely on the learners needs in learning the language. Psychologists have distinguished two major types of motivation which play an important role in determining how leading the learner is to persevere with the task instrumental and integrative motivation The first motivation leave be discussed is instrumental motivation.It is generally characterized by the desire to go for almostthing practical or concrete from the study of a second language (Hudson 2000). With instrumental motivation, the purpose of language acquisition is more utilitarian, such as meet the requirements for school or university graduation, applying for a job, requesting higher pay found on language ability, nurture technical material, translation work or achieving higher favorable status. Instrumental motivat ion is often characteristic of second language acquisition, where little or no social integration of the learner into a partnership using the target language takes place.According to Richards (1976) simply learning a language to acquire course credits, or to carry out a limited kitchen range of tasks that do not involve the learner in close face to face interaction ( for example a person learning enough face to sell souvenirs to tourists does not generally lead to a high degree of accomplishment in learning). However, in recent years, according to Brown (1977), he say that Indian face is one example of a variety of face which can be acquired very successful for instrumental reasons alone.Another motivation will be taken into consideration is integrative motivation. According to Gardner and Lambert (1959), this kind of motivation office learning a language because the learner wishes to identify himself with or become conflated in the society whose language it is. It has ge nerally been thought that integrative motivation is the more powerful of the two because it implies a desire to integrate with speakers of the target language. Instrumentally oriented students would be expected to acquire the second language alone to the point where their instrumented final stages were satisfied.It is likely that when the learner merely wanted to be able to buy food and take public transportation he could achieve those goals with a very low train of proficiency in the second language and if the learner had to use the target language in his professional life, his level of learning would be much higher.Learners with integrative motivation view the language as a key to social and cultural enrichment through the opportunities to provide for association with members of a different culture. Then their goal in learning the language is to be able to use the language as a means ofcommunication and also for acceptance by the batch who speak the language. Such motivation o ften leads to high accomplishment.In settings such as Vietnam, learners who learn English for special purposes have a great deal of instrumental motivation to acquire English in order to be able to be applied for a good job with a high salary. They learn English very dissolute just because they want to communicate orally, in a very simple English with other speakers of English. In Vietnam, English is a compulsory subjects so to the highest degree all of students learn English just to pass the exam.Thus, the type of language learned namely forms as mainly for communicative use will be directly affected by the type of examination students need to pass. As a result, it is likely that learners will not achieve a high commonplace of English. II. 1. 1. 2. Language cleverness As has been discussed in the previous branch, success in mastering a foreign language depends very much on the learners motivation. Beside the motivation factor, social psychologists have also found out that whet her a student can learn a foreign language very successfully or not also depends on his language aptitude.This section is an attempt to discuss an intrinsic factor influencing foreign language learning that is language aptitude. readiness for language learning is usually composed of four different types of abilities the ability to identify and memorize new sounds, the ability to understand the function of cross words in sentences, the ability to figure out grammatical rules from language samples, the ability to memorize new words. Many tests of language aptitude have proven extremely effective in predicting which learners will be successful in learning.However, considerable controversy remains about whether language aptitude is properly regarded as a unitary concept, an organic property of the brain, or as a complex of factors including motivation and short-term retention. Research has generally shown that language aptitude is kinda distinct from general aptitude or intelligence , as measured by various tests, and is itself fairly consistently measurable by different tests. Language aptitude look is often criticized for being irrelevant to the lines of language learners, who must attempt to learn a language regardless of whether they are gifted for the task or not.This claim is reinforced by inquiry findings that aptitude is largely unchangeable. In addition, traditional language aptitude measures such as the Modern Language Aptitude Test potently favor decontextualized receiptledge of the sort used in taking tests, rather than the sort used in conversation. For this reason little research is carried out on aptitude today. However, operators of selective language programs such as the United States Defense Language Institute continue to use language aptitude testing as break out of applicant screening. In my opinion, as a teacher of English, aptitude plays an important role in learners language achievement.How is it that some people can learn a foreign language quickly while others, given the same opportunity experience utter failure? Does this depend on how language is taught? Partly this is true as when the teacher is equipped with a unwrap language teaching method, his students can learn faster. alone partly it is not true as in the same group at that place always exists fast and slow learners. Another answer to the question is the problem of motivation but not all students with the same motivation can have the same accomplishment. Another possible answer to the question is that some people have language aptitude while others do not.II. 1. 1. 3. Learners age The previous section dealt with the learners language aptitude, a factor that influences language acquisition a great deal. This section will take into consideration another factor age which has received a number of opinions so far. In the past few decades, the comparisons among child, adolescent and adult learners have been made by some(prenominal) researchers, and t he different findings as well as explanations have been reported. Traditionally, research in Critical Period venture and other variables has derived two major aspects of language learningthe younger = the better and the older = the better.However, recently the scholars in the fields of linguistics, psychology and psycholinguistics have reported their study or experiment results continually, resulting in completely different points of view so the argument for or against the Critical Period Hypothesis has never stopped. The question of how developmental portrays interact with individual learning differences is still a question of great debate. Is there an optimal age, a critical stage or a sensitive period? How does the age factor affect the development of linguistic abilities? Are adults really inferior to children and even to adolescents?There exists a feeling that younger learners have certain(p) gains over older learners in language learning. According to Ellis in 2008 Lars en-Freeman in 2008 Mayberry Lock in 2003, Robert Dekeyser in 2000, younger children learn L2 easily and quickly in comparison to older children. Larsen-Freeman Long in 2008 also suggest that there is a period of time, between save and somewhere around the age when a child enters puberty, exists in which the learning a second language can be accomplished more cursorily and easily than times falling outside of this period (i. e. post puberty).This is because children are in the most flexible condition learning a foreign language. This stage might be strongly impressed on their brain, which can stimulate nervous function system, and the further learning can help them to form language habit and competency easi1y. however Researchers also disagree with withdrawing home language support too soon and suggest that although oral communication skills in a second language may be acquired within 2 or 3 years, it may take 4 to 6 years to acquire the level of proficiency needed for understandi ng the language in its academic uses (Collier, 1989 Cummins, 1981).So children who are taught L2 intensively too early will damage their L1 acquisition. Another belief reported by Johnson and Newport, Dekeyser, Asher and Price, Politzer and Weiss, Olson and Samuel, Lightbown and Spada (2008) that older learners have a higher level of problem solving and metalinguistics abilities than younger learners.. The young learners are considered fluent in communication of the second language and achieve native like accent. Learners after the age of puberty do not acquire native like accent of a second language but have complex learning pattern.Research suggests that children and adults L2 learners pass through different developmental states in second language learning. eruditeness depends on the cognitive maturity and neurological factors. Adults cerebra nerve network has come into being completely, and their thinking habits have become mature in this period. They can deal with complicated l anguage form and contents easily, because their meta-language consciousnesses, common sense and literary knowledge are better than children.In general, age is important but not every(prenominal)thing in second language learning. There are some factors related to the age, for example the learning opportunities, the motivation to learn, individual differences, and learning styles, are also important determining variables that affect the rate of second language learning in various developmental stages of the learners. II. 1. 1. 4. Learners personality We have mentioned some important factors influencing learners second language achievement such as motivation, language aptitude and age.In this section we continues with some specific personality factors in human behavior in relation to second language acquisition. The psychological factors to be discussed here are self- admiration, prohibition, extroversion/ introversion. Self esteem is the degree of value, a worthiness which an indivi dual ascribes to himself. According to Schuman in 1978 and Brown in 1980, there are three kinds of self- esteem global, specific and task self esteem. How is self esteem related to second language acquisition?Brown (1980) states that specific self- esteem might refer to second language acquisition in general but task- esteem might approximately refer to ones self-evaluation of a particular aspect of the language process speaking, writing A study by Adelaide Heyde (1979) revealed that all three aspects of self-esteem correlated positively with performance in oral production and student with high self esteem actually performed better in the foreign language. Inhibition sets of defences built to protect the ego, a concept closely related to self-esteem and of course has to be considered by teachers.Language learners, children or adults, make progress by learning from making mistakes but at the same time, making mistakes can be viewed as a threat to ones ego. As a result, the learner tends to build a certain degree of defence to protect himself. Guiora et al (1972a) produced one of the few studies in inhibition in relation to second language learning, and the experiments have been high-lighted a possibility that the inhibition, the defence which we place between ourselves and others can prevent us from communicating in a foreign language.. Another factor which also needs some examination is extraversion and introversion. Language teachers often assume that the extraverts are better language learner than introverts. In a language class, the teacher tends to prefer to have more students with an outgoing and talkative personality. At an early stage, extroverts seem to speak the language better than the introverts, but this does not mean that the proficiency of a more introverted student will be lower. This depends very much on the goal of learning.It can be argued that the reserved learner may be very quiet but he can be a good language learner in the sense that he is good in aural and reading comprehension even though he cannot speak. Thus, it is not clear then(prenominal) that extraversion or introversion helps or hinders the process of second language acquisition and it is hard to say which is ideal for language learning. II. 1. 2. External factors The previous section examined some aspects of internal factors. This section accounts for some equally important external factors which also affect learners second language achievement.As language teachers we are faced with factors such as the social context of learning, the cultural differences between two language involved. The learning environment of the educational context and the teaching method being used. Most of these are largely beyond our control but nevertheless they are important because they can affect, sometimes decide the learners internal factors in learning. To improve teaching and stimulate better learning, these factors should be taken into consideration.II. 1. 2. 1.Social fa ctor The childs acquisition of his mother tongue is affected by the condition under which it takes place. The same influence is also relevant to learning of a second or foreign language. The classroom itself is a kind of social setting where each student has a role, so his success of learning a foreign language is, to some extent, opinionated by the teacher- student relationship and the student- student relationship. The teachers love for his job is often an encouragement to his students in their learning.According to Cheatain (1976), student is also strongly encouraged to learn the language when his teacher is always hopeful. The student- student relationship is no less important. This instance concerns face- saving. nary(prenominal)students likes to let his errors be known to his friends, so correction of errors by the group is helpful when there is non- hostile trusting climate in the classroom. In addition to the classroom features of the learning situation itself, there are f actors in the wider social context that influence language learning.Teaching never occurs in a vacuum. Any subject occupies a position in the syllabus in order to meet a need of all part of the school population. Second language or foreign language teaching is not an exception. As the political, economic and historical conditions change, the course objectives are altered. In a great number of countries it so happens that shifting political economic and social conditions often bring about the change in status of a second or foreign language. For example, English was not introduced into the school curriculum in Vietnam until 1971.Nowadays, when Vietnam is a member of WTO, English becomes a compulsory subject as it is an international language of commercial and official communication. Political factors are not the only ones that influence second language learning. Other attitudes towards language learning which are characteristic of the society to which the learner belongs are particul arly important to the success of language learners. In Vietnam, the ability of using English fluently is a special qualification for certain favored jobs, but in others like the UK or the USA, learning another language is little more than a hobby.Obviously, all the different attitudes, which actually stem from political, economic or historical causes play an important part in the overall achievement in foreign language learning. II. 1. 2. 2. Cultural factors It is obvious that knowing a second language no longer means merely having acquired some linguistic competency the ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It also includes the acquisition of communicative competence the ability to communicate the second language.To the extent that language is culturally acquired, one can never learn a second language successfully without learning the culture of that language. In the article Talking across culture in 1981, Richards argues that those who are supposed to know a foreig n language must have linguistic competence, communicative competence and social competence as well. By social competence, he means that the learner is expected to know how to behave in a speech community of speakers of the target language. In other words, he must be familiar with the culture of the native speakers otherwise, he will beshocked, or fail to understand native speakers even though he is linguistically competent. It can be concluded that anyone decides to learn a certain language properly, culture is something he cannot parry in the process. In teaching English, we need to be aware of the cultural assumptions that the students already possess. We also need to be aware of the cultural assumptions that surround the use of English. Functions and structures used to be examined for cultural content, it cannot be assumed that they are neutral. II. 2. Language teaching implications.For the reason that motivation plays a very important role in second language achievement, the ta sk of the teacher is to maximize the motivation. Teachers should raise students interest in learning English so that they no longer learn English to pass the exam or to fulfill curriculums requirement but for the desire to interact and communicate with foreigners In order to achieve these goals, teachers should turn the activities, tasks and materials, provide students with opportunities for interaction in the target language in and outside the language learning environment through preplanned, and authentic activities.As a result, students will be more interested in learning English. Not many researchers have carried out research about language aptitude because it is something that teachers are ineffectual to alter. Students vary in terms of aptitude so teachers should categorize them according to their aptitude profiles. For example, one group was identified as having particularly good memory abilities (relative to other abilities), and another group was identified as being high in verbal analytical abilities.It is the duty of teachers to select appropriate teaching approaches and activities based on learners aptitude profiles to accommodate their differences in aptitude. If the methodology matches students, they will learn better otherwise it may decrease students second language achievement. We all know that different ages have different ways of learning and different ways of achieving language. The differences among the three age groups (children, adolescents and adults) are really existent and the biological L2 learning conditions are unchangeable.Learners of different ages and stages should use different strategies. Thus, the teachers duty is different in the three groups and the teaching approaches and strategies should cater for the traits of students. For example, children use strategies unconsciously and their teacher should help them form good learning habits in this period. Some adolescents might be unable to be aware of using learning strategies , and others use too many complex and sophisticated learning strategies in L2 language learning, which might not ensure to achieve high level.Adult learners prefer analytic-style strategies such as proportional and contrastive analysis, generalization rules learning, and dissecting words and phrases. As a result, teachers should manipulate a number of options according to the aim of the teaching and learning, such as different reading materials, the speed of teaching procedures, etc Suitable approach and strategies for each trait of age will help learners achieve language better, compensate the shortcomings and take good advantage of in three groups. As the results listed in the previous part indicate, learners differ in terms of personality.Some students are very reserved, some are self- confident, some are ready to take a risk but others do not. Understanding each students personality is extremely important to every teacher not except for teacher of English. When teacher know stu dents characteristics, they can use appropriate methods for each of them. For example, most of Vietnamese students are still basically shy and withdrawn. Then teachers should involve a lot of pair and group work instead of using the teacher- students questions and answers.Teachers should use cooperative rather than competitive goals to bring on a supportive and non-threatening learning atmosphere. Besides, teachers should encourage and support students all the time especially when they are struggling or lacking confidence in certain areas. Good teachers will know how to adapt their methods of teaching to different learners personalities to have best results in second language achievement. It cannot be denied that social context has a big influence on situation of second language teaching and learning of each nation.Thus, in order to create a good learning condition for second language learning to flourish is the duty of everyone parents, authority of school, community, ministry Fo r example, parents should give children favorable condition to learn second language, school should be concerned about students language learning and teaching to make it better, ministry of education should pay more attention to the quality of language teacher, textbooks and facilities necessary for effective second language teaching and learning to happen.Culture is very important in second language learning so the duty of teachers is to raise students awareness of cultural differences between countries. When teaching a foreign language such as English, teachers should teach students language competence along with socio- cultural competence. Both teachers and authorities should bear in mind that learning about other cultures does not mean changing ones own values and world outlook.On the contrary, by comparability some aspects of cultures in different societies, students may better appreciate their own culture and tradition and avoid false stereotypes which may result in both prej udice against other culture or blind belief that other cultures are superior. A successful language learner is a person who not only knows how to make grammatical and meaningful sentences but also knows how to use them in appropriate situations and a good language teacher is a person who knows how to help them do so successfully.III. CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the success in second language acquisition depends largely on many factors but some of the most important factors can be mentioned are motivation, language aptitude, learners age and personality, social and cultural context. Thus, knowing these factors and how they influences learners second language achievement is very crucial to teachers of foreign languages in general and English in particular. Their language can be greatly improved when teachers have a better understanding of the learner, of the learning process and of the variables that may help or hinder learners language achievement.IV. REFERENCE Krishna K.B , Age as an affective Factor in Second Language Acquisition, Troy Universityn Press. HIDASI, Judit, (2005) The Impact of Culture on Second Language Acquisition, Annals of the International caper School. Hoan, P. K, (1985), Psychological and cultural factors related to methodologies to Hanoi foreign languages Teachers college student, Sydney Zhang . J, (2006) Sociocultural Factors in Second Language Acquisition, Sino-US English Teaching, Volume 3, No. 5 (Serial No. 29) Mehmet, N. G, (2001) the effects of age and motivation factors on second language acquisition F? rat University Journal of Social Science. tic

John Nash and paranoid Schizophrenia Essay Example for Free

John Nash and paranoid Schizophrenia EssayThomas Szasz once said, if you talk to god, you are praying if God talks to you, you have schizophrenic disorder.It is a terrible disorder that affects many people around the world. Arguably the most famous person with schizophrenia is Nobel Prize (1994) and American Mathematicians Societys Leroy P. Steel Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research (1999) winner, John Nash.Paranoid Schizophrenia can be a crippling illness. Its liveers whitethorn not be able to determine what is real and what is not. According to Dr. Paul Ballas (2006 Internet) of the Department of Psychiatry at Thomas Jefferson University, the individual has feelings of being persecuted or plotted against. Affected individuals may have grandiose (over-the-top) delusions associated with protecting themselves from the perceived plot. The key symptoms are delusions and auditory hallucinations. Paranoid schizophrenia usually does not involve the disorganized speech and fa shion that is seen in other types of schizophrenia. Patients with paranoid schizophrenia typically are tense, suspicious, guarded, and reserved. There are no physical tests being used in mainstream medicine as yet to diagnose schizophrenia.However certain tests are performed to eliminate other disorders or illnesses that have similar symptoms. Schizophrenia.com (2007 Internet) states these possible disorders involve seizure disorders, metabolic disorders, thyroidal dysfunction, brain tumour and drug use. Currently, there is research being performed in various Universities in the United States into new physical tests to confirm schizophrenia. They are experimenting with assembly line tests, special IQ tests, eye tracking, brain imaging and smell tests. It will be a few to a greater extent years before the results can be confirmed. For now a Psychiatrist must diagnose a person with schizophrenia.Usually a person suffering from the disorder will exhibit overconfident (hallucinatio ns), negative (poor social functioning) and cognitive (difficulty concentrating) reactions. To diagnose a person with schizophrenia, a person must displayCharacteristic symptoms Two or more of the following, distributively present for a significant portion of time during a peerless-month period (or less, if successfully treated)odelusionsohallucinationsodisorganized speech (e.g., frequentderailment or incoherence speaking in abstracts). reap into thought disorder.ogrossly disorganized behavior (e.g. dressing inappropriately, crying frequently) or catatonic behavioronegative symptoms, i.e., affective flattening (lack or decline in emotional response), alogia (lack or decline in speech), or avolition (lack or decline in motivation).Note Only one of these symptoms is required if delusions are bizarre or hallucinations consist of hearing one illustration participating in a running commentary of the patients actions or of hearing two or more voices conversing with each other.Social/ occupational dysfunction For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, are markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset.Duration Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at to the lowest degree six months. This six-month period must include at least one month of symptoms (or less, if successfully treated).Additional criteria are also given that exclude the diagnosis thus schizophrenia cannot be diagnosed if symptoms of mood disorder or pervasive developmental disorder are present, or the symptoms are the direct result of a substance (e.g., abuse of a drug, medication) or a superior general medical condition. (American Psychiatric Association, 2004).Statistically speaking, the earlier the diagnosis, the better the outcome in the long run, but here in Queensland there is only one registered Early Psychosis Centre, it is hardened at the University of Queensland, St Lucia campus. Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia have four, six and one centre respectively.Here in Australia there are two websites, one run by the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre in Melbourne, www.earlypsychosis.org, and http//auseinet.flinders.edu.au/index.php which is maintained by Flinders University in Adelaide. Also www.Schizophrenia.com has an online early detection test for schizophrenia that is for all family members of thosethat might be affected or for individuals who are trying to understand what is happening to them.There are three stages of schizophrenia they are acute, stabilization and residual. In the acute phase, the patient has a clear break from contact with reality usually displayed by a psychotic episode. This will usually lead to incumbrance and treatment. The second stage, the stabilization phase, is when the patients symptoms have been brought under control but the treatment must be continued to avoid a relaps e. The residual stage, is where the patient is somewhat stable and usually kept on anti-psychotic medication however relapses can occur.John Nash first began to show signs of entering the acute stage of schizophrenia in early 1959 when his wife Alicia, was pregnant. as a consequence I resigned my position as a faculty member at M.I.T. and, ultimately, by and by spending 50 days under observation at the McLean Hospital, traveled to Europe and attempted to gain status there as a refugee (John Nash, 1994). For some time after that he would be in and out of hospitals. At times his involuntary admission to hospitals would last up to eight months. Eventually he began reject his delusions and come about to mathematical research. This period of time, John Nash himself refers to as enforced rationality.He may have been thought to be the entering the Residual stage however this would bend out to be incorrect. In truth it can be said he had not completed the Stabilization period. In the la te Sixties, he returned to what he described as a dream-like delusional hypothesis, however managed to avoid being admitted to hospital by behaving as normally as he could. This can be said to be his transition into the Residual stage. Although he had a slight relapse, he himself began to understand on an intellectual level that his delusions were exactly that, delusions. He is now thinking rationally and continuing to further his studies in mathematics with the hope that he can provide something useful to the field.Many people, including John Nash himself believe that his schizophrenia in one way or another actually aided his work, thinking outside the box so to speak. John Nash once said I would not dare to say that there is a directrelation between mathematics and madness, but there is no doubt that great mathematicians suffer from maniacal characteristics, delirium and symptoms of schizophrenia.It is suggested that the fragmented mind allows and concocts irrational ideas that ca n become rational solutions. Many great people with great ideas and influences have been affected by the illness. Some of those include Peter Green from Fleetwood Mac, Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd, Vaclav Nijinsky the Russian dancer and Jazz musician and composer, tom turkey Harrell. Some people even refer to Tom Harrell as the John Forbes Nash, Jr. of Jazz.Treatment for paranoid schizophrenia and other mental disorders has changed greatly in the last Sixty years. In the early Nineteen-fifties, chlorpromazine was developed. It was a phenothiazine antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar and as an Anti-emetic which is used for vomiting and nausea. The side affects of a phenothiazine based drug include acathisia, which is basically restlessness, tardive dyskinesia, which is a neurological disorder which affects voluntary movement that can continue after treatment has ceased, and weight gain (Wikipedia, 2007). The use of chlorpromazine has been discontinued however John Nash wou ld almost certainly been treated with it. He was also exposed to insulin shock therapy. This was a method used to induce a coma.He stopped taking drugs in 1970 and recovered slowly without them over the next twenty. According to the World Health Organization, the long term outcomes of schizophrenia are far worse in United States than they are in countries such as India and Nigeria where antipsychotic medication is not as readily unattached. There is more. In 1987, psychologist Courtenay Harding reported that a third of chronic schizophrenia patients released from Vermont State Hospital in the late 1950s completely recovered. Everyone in this best-outcomes group shared one common factor All had weaned themselves from antipsychotic medications.The notion that schizophrenics must spend a lifetime on these drugs, she concluded, is a myth (Whitaker, 2002). In 1994, Harvard medical examination School researchers found that the outcomes for U.S. schizophrenia patients are no better now t han they were about one hundred years ago when they would simply put patients into bathtubs for hours on end. There has also beenreasonable success in Finland where doctors have used counselling, community support and little or no antipsychotic medication. John Nashs recovery is nothing short of remarkable but many people say that his constant occupation with mathematics and the support or rather that he was allowed copulation freedom at Princeton aided his recovery without medication.There is has been a shift in mentality towards the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. A growth wave of professionals are starting accept that there is merit to the at least partial abandonment of antipsychotic drugs. John Nash may be the scarer for the movement, but more conclusive research is needed to detect whether the disuse of anti-psychotic is subjective to select patients or can be applied to a more widespread group of sufferers of this mental disorder.BibliographyAmerica n Psychiatric Association, 2004, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 0890420246. DSM-IV DSM-IV-TR Schizophrenia criteriaBallas, Paul, 2006, Schizophrenia, (online), available from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000936.htm, 6 phratry 2007Gulli, L.F., 2007, Schizophrenia, (online), available from http//www.answers.com/topic/schizophrenia?cat=health, 6 September 2007.Nash, John, 2004, Autobiography, (online) available from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/nash-autobio.html 6 September 2007.Schizophrenia Symptoms and Diagnosis, 2004, (online), available from http//schizophrenia.com/diag.phpdiagnosis, 6 September 2007.Whitaker, R, 2002, Recovery without Drugs, (online), available from http//www.namiscc.org/newsletters/February02/JohnNashDrugFreeRecovery.htm6 September 2007.Wikipedia, 2007, Schizophrenia, (online), available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiz ophrenia, 6 September2007.

The Utilitarian ethics and its impact on supply chain

The utile ethics and its impact on arrange out chainIntroductionUtilitarian ethics is considered as a surmisal which is considered signifi gaget in the sinless competitive business world. This theory emerged from the customer expectancy where they expect great happiness. According to example.com (2010) this theory is based on the principle-the superior good for the greatest number. The pioneer of the usefulism theory was Jeremy Bentham. He lived from 1748-1832 and was brought up in a very intellectual family. The utilitarianism could be classified in three types. Without following any specific rule, if it deals with the consequences of individual acts, then it is nominated as Act Utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism allows specific rule to be followed and preference Utilitarianism says that one should act in a way that the person affect prefer unless the preference is outweighed by some others. On the other hand, Utilitarianism also defined negatively. Negative utilitariani sm requires us to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of suffering for the greatest number of people.The fall upon words the greatest good for greatest number, in broader view reflects the consideration of sustain office of business resources in long term rather than short term profitability. In terms of expecting the fork over chain, the utilitarian ethics keep or accelerate the flow of write out chain in long term and in this interest the immediate situation should be less evaluated than long term. As the requirement of this assignment, the study is going to present a comprehensive structure of using the utilitarian ethics in remark of supply chain of vegetable retailers. Retailers and other nourishment sector companies to test and develop innovative business models, together with their supply chain situationners, that go away induce new and higher volumes of nutriment products from Africa to the UK, at the same time delivering i mproved livelihoods for African producers (FRICH, 2010). add chain and its effectiveness with the custom of Utilitarian ethicsSupply chain is a system that is responsible to reach the goods from farm to customer minimizing the waste and maximizing the assurance of availability of goods in the shelve for customer. Supply irons underlie value chain beca function, without them, no producer has the ability to give customer what they want, when and where they want, at the price they want. Producers compete with each other only through with(predicate) their supply chains, and no degree of improvement at the producers end can make up for the deficiencies in a supply chain which reduce the producers ability to compete (Business dictionary.com, 2010).The term vegetable supply chain is smooth normally in season. Thus, the behavior of supply chain management authority normally could be different with the supply chain partner as the availability of goods. In this case, utilitarian ethics sug gest that the authority to judge the partners significantly in both times, in season and out of season. According to FRICH (2010) UK supermarkets have successfully developed African horticulture to meet year round demand for fresh fruit and vegetables, or so produce is sourced from a few countries only and farmers find it hard to meet buyers exacting standards. Farther obstacles to these farmers can arise from concerns over food miles, environmental conservation, advertize standards and food safety. Giving African farmers greater access for their food exports help reduce poverty and increase rural incomes, so the fund is designed to support projects that bring African farmers and their workers including poor small holder in their food supply chain. Therefore, it is very specific from the acts of FRICH that, the execute of utilitarian ethics helps the people involved in vegetable supply chain in terms of their basic needs, improve the scotch development that assure the flow of ve getable even in out of season.Not only supply chain partner become satisfy with the proper practice of utilitarian ethics but also the consumer, the perfection of a business become benefitted from this use which attract them to be loyal to the retailer. The benefitted supply chain partner influence the consumer directly. This is easy to realize that if the farmers become satisfied and can assign the product with assurance of export and continue the flow of supply, then adequate supply of goods is visible in the shelve of retailers and consumer become glad to them.According to Accenture (2010), the challenge of supply chain is increasing day by day because of tremendous competition. It found out five preconditions of supply chain agree to the mode of consumers choice. They are on-shelf availability, faster re infinitement- smaller quantities and changing customer requirement.In terms of on-shelf availability, supply chain has to maintain good relation with the farmers as though t hey are dedicated to the organizations fluctuating demand by customer. Excellent retail supply chain management revolves around understanding and balancing three key dimensions of availability, inventory and cost. Managing this trade-off sufficiently can result in supply chains that improve business through assurance the availability of goods for consumers atonement.Practice of Utilitarian ethics by consumer group and its impact on supply chainIt is not deniable that there are also some challenges to maintain the utilitarian ethics which increase the cost of supply chain. However, according to the principle of this ethics greatest good for greatest people should be maintained first because customers satisfaction is the primary goal of a business. As vegetable is a fundamental domain of customers demand and it is consumed every day, they are to demand it. Thus, in broader view, the ethics practice cost apparently may be perceived increased, the assurance of sufficient vegetable sup ply should be counted first. The use of utilitarian ethics in supply chain can provide adequate supply of vegetable.In terms of fresh vegetable supply, use of utilitarian ethics also helps maintaining the freshness of vegetable. If the supply chain authority can maintain the relation with the farmers in compromise aspect in season, then they will supply in out of season. If the grok working in farms get security of their job in out of season, then their dedication to farms become increased and farms can assure the importers the supply of vegetable according to demand. This practice also can minimize the waste of good.In the case of thorough vegetable, the use of this ethics is more fruitful. Organic vegetable is produced in such a way that there is no use of chemical and pesticides. Vegetable is certified as organic by specific body of national government. The demand is increasing in the world is increasing gradually. In UK, the yearly increasing rate of organic food is around 30 % which fluctuates according to the economic flow (FIRTH, C and SCHMUTZ, U,. 2004). If supply chain management evaluates the farmer, the supply chain partner, then the assurance of organic food will be more sustainable and organization can be able to present to the organic customers the organic vegetable.After carefully evaluation the correlation between the utilitarian ethics and its impacts on supply chain of vegetable retailers, it could be mentioned that in this perfect competitive market utilitarian ethics has a great impact to survival for a vegetable retailer. It satisfies the supply chain partner, their (farmers) internal and external stakeholders and overall sustainability of the farms can decrease the waste of goods, assure the supply in dull season and can decrease the major cost of supply chain management of organizations.Merits of Utilitarian ethics and critical analysis in food milesIn obedience of extending the sermon of consideration of utilitarian ethics in terms o f vegetable supply chain, author of this study intends to mention the food miles. Food miles is the idea that emerged from the travel of food from farms to dining table which indeed, says the environmental impact that happens in this travel time. Half of the vegetables and 95% of fruits are imported to UK from overseas countries. This food and vegetables arrive by atmosphere and water and truck. In the consideration of environmental impact, water, plane and road conduct give off CO2 in different scale. In order to maintain the supply chain regarding business prospect, retailers have to use plane in vast cases. The food comes from overseas gives off 11% of the total CO2 dismission from UK food transport where air-freighted travel produces 177 times more green dramatic art gases than shipping. Though there is some national bodies and protest groups to watch the mode of using transport, the use of utilitarian ethics will be more effective to reduce this emission and environmental ha rm. In this case, the merit of this ethics could be utilized in some aspects.Firstly, Utilitarianism cannot be faulted on its morals as it clearly seeks the happiness and fairness for the majority, which has always been an important consideration in the works of government and other major powers, as well as in everyones everyday life. If the supply chain authority of the food retailers shows and maintain the happiness and fairness as the part of following utilitarian ethics, then they will be implicated to use water way to import food rather than air considering the green house effect.On the contrary, there is another argument is that using the shipping needs requires long time refrigerator, it also produce CO2. However that is very lower than plane. other thing is that, the retailers are interested to maintain shorter life of food form farms to plate in order to present it to the consumer fresh and regarding the food and safety, they prefer mobile travel than the slower.Secondl y, Utilitarian ethics considers the consequences of all actions, which is key in building a civilised society. If people were not aware of consequences then there would be no deterrent to commit crime. Here awareness is the key point of using this ethics. As it has been mentioned that the food travel in UK emits 11% of CO2, the retailers could be interested to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases by influencing their self-motivation. In this case, they can be encouraged to produce vegetables and fruits in home.Though, some people argue that locally heavy(a) and organic food can be kept chilled for months which require energy because of maintain the supply chain out of season. In one hand, this chillers keeps the food fresh, on the other hand it act as culprit for our global heat. However, it is undeniable that home grown is better than using air. If the awareness could be build up, then newly sophisticated mechanism of reducing the CO2 emission may also innovated by supply ch ain expert.Finally, It encourages a democratic approach to last making, and dangerous minorities are not allowed to dominate. Therefore, author can mention here again the organic food grown in home based cultivation. It food transport is responsible for 25% of the kilometres clocked up by HGVs on the jam roads in UK. Supermarkets have national scattering systems, so even food grown near a particular branch may have travelled by lorry to a central depot and back to its place of origin.This idea should be emphasised to implement to the food producers, then quarter of 25% emission could be reduced.This is also not beyond the controversialist because the congested road is not fully sufficient to avoid roads accident. It is perceived that in traffic jam the lorry has to wait on the road for a long time and that is why this lorry has to maintain chillers regarding food and safety issue. However, massive awareness and encouragement can increase this lorry user in democratic majority.Pra ctice of ethics of virtue in supply chainVirtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in prescriptive ethics. It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach which emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that which emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism). Suppose it is obvious that someone in need should be helped. A utilitarian will point to the fact that the consequences of doing so will maximize well-being, a deontologist to the fact that, in doing so the ingredient will be acting in accordance with a moral rule such as Do unto others as you would be done by and a virtue ethicist to the fact that helping the person would be charitable or benevolent (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007). To some extent, ethics of virtue could be mentioned as that- the practice of normal ethical sense regarding the situation.In terms of vegetable retail supply chain, there are some prima ry things come to the account firstly. Maintaining the freshness of vegetable and food and safety are commercially an objective. Beyond the rules and regulation and consequences, the ethics of virtue will be more perfect in comparison. In addition, the evaluation of supply chain partners, more specifically the farmers should be dealt with utilitarian ethics, however the practice of ethics of virtue will be more effective to maintain the supply chain in the out of season. Practice of ethics of virtue, is indeed propelled from the moral ethics.Moreover, in terms of environmental issue, the use of virtual ethics will be fruitful to save this global warming. Virtual ethics is consequently related to the moral behavior to the globe. Thus, which sort of transport should be used to reduce CO2 emission regarding the situation like customers demand, scarcity of goods in shelves, assurance of availability of supply and so forth will be decided by proper use of ethics of virtue.ConclusionsIn c onclusion, it is to say that utilitarian ethics is considerably correlated to the business world. In respect of commercial goal, the supply chain management is the most expensive domains of business organization because the retention of customer, customer loyalty and flow of increasing sale depends on this section. Therefore, ultimately the farmers become significant to the retailers as they are the source of goods. For satisfy them, the price level, assurance of selling goods, and proper communication with them should be emphasized. Thus, use of utilitarian ethics is important to make them satisfied.In the case of global environmental issue, utilitarian ethical behavior also is must. Because of food miles concept, the emission of CO2 could be minimized as their supply chain dealings. If the supply chain management is used to maintain targeting less use of air way, then the global warming will be reduced. Using utilitarian ethics and ethics of virtue, the retailers will be motivated to produce home grown vegetable nearest to the distribution centre.In terms of organic food, supply chain partner should be motivated to maintain the characteristics of cultivation of organic food grains. As the demand of organic food is increasing day by day, the dependency on farmers is also increasing. Consequently, the retailers should encourage them to maintain the virtue of organic food growing through supply chain management.

Caring for People with Intellectual Disabilities

Caring for People with Intellectual Disabilities2.2 Example of causes of intellectual dis big businessman that occur during or immediately following endure and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects.Example 1 Prematurity and low birth weight predict skilful problems more often than any opposite conditions. Difficulties in the birth process such as temporary oxygen deprivation cause intellectual disability. quotation The Arc for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities . (n.d.). Retrieved from www.thearc.org/page.aspx?pid=2453.Main characteristicsThe main characteristic of low birth baby is that they whitethorn have breathing problems. If the baby is born to soon there is a great chance that the babys lungs go away be underdeveloped because of that they may have problems in receiving oxygen.The baby may besides have disorder in maintaining a normal body temperature and they may become hypothermic( too cold)Example 2 Trauma It occurs because of serious inj ury. We earth-closet say a serious shock to the body due to violence or accident.Source AAIDD Ameri whoremaster Association on Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//aaidd.org/docs/default-source/events/harvey-trauma-8-15.pdf.Main characteristicsThey may have difficulties in concentration due to painful memories or thoughts.They may face difficulty in sleep. Because of that they feel tired.2.3 Give two examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during childishness years and describe the impact on the day to day support needs of the person.Example 2 Meningitis meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the covering of the mulcting ability and spinal cord. It is most(prenominal) of caused by infection but empennage also be produced by chemical irritation, subarachnoid, pilecer and other conditions. Bacterial meningitis may result in brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, behaviour changes, high fever, sensitivity to light and confusion.SourceWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/topics/meningitis/en/.Task 3 Describe condition frequently associated with the intellectual disability. measure up 1 Foetal Alcohol SyndromeCause Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is growth, physical and mental problems. It mainly affects the baby when a mother consumes alcoholic drink during her pregnancy.SourceWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Bulletin of the World Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/6/11-020611/en/. fleshly support provide them loving, nurturing and fixed home life. However children with foetal alcohol syndrome have harmful relationship, therefore early diagnoses have more positive protrudecome.it also help the family members to understand the answer and behaviour of the child. Assist them with daily living activities like showering, toileting, dressing and feeding. Provide them physiotherapy so they can make their muscle strong. Regu lar medical check-up is also helpful to maintain their health.Social support As the children with foetal alcohol syndrome are very hyperactive. Behaviour management training is very useful for them. This will help them to learn rough manners and how they can release their stress. they may have difficulty to interact with different people so provide them opportunities for friendship. hear them out and involve them into social activities.Cognitive support Provide them education about good behaviour. Provide them planned and reasonable methods to education.so that they can improve their ability to think more effectively. Provide them educational opportunity like they can join some educational programme where they can learn new skills.Condition 2 AutismCauses no study has found the exact cause of autism but the researchers has pointed out few possible factors which includes communicable (heredity), metabolic or neuro logical factors, infections and problems during birth.Source World Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/features/qa/85/en/.Physical support The person with autism may find difficulties in activities of daily living. They may find difficulties in showering, toileting, dressing, undressing and feeding. We can help them to do their personal care and in feeding. We can provide occupational therapy for them.it will help them to manage their stress and they can feel relax. We can also help them to set their routine.Social support they may have difficulty to interact with different people so provide them opportunities for friendship. Take them out and involve them in different activities like social club or offer specific advice about interaction. Help them to learn social rules using logic like how they have to talk and behave with others, manners and body language.Cognitive support we can provide them tongue and language therapy it will help them to learn speech and language skills.so that they can speak clearly. Parent and fam ily member can learn how to play and interact with their child in way that permote cognitive skill. We can provide them some mind games like bingo or quiz so that they can use their mind.it will help them to think logically.Condition 3 Prader Willi SyndromeCAUSE Prader Willi Syndrome is caused by a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Basically, parents release a copy of this chromosome. In most cases patients with prader willi syndrome have missing the genetic material on part of the father chromosome. Other patients with this problem have two pairs of the mothers chromosome 15.Source Main characteristicsChildren with Prader- willi syndrome may have low muscle tone. They may feel floppy or rag dolls when they are held.Elbows and knees loosely extended due to poor muscles tone instead of stable.People with Prader willi syndrome may have different facial feature. They may have almond shaped eyes, a narrowing of the head at the temple and turned down emit etc. Motor development often delays with this syndrome. They may have delay in sitting up and walking. they also have speech delay problem.Physical support Children with prader willi syndrome are at higher risk of developing fatness or size due to excessive eating. The proper weight management can be helpful for them to maintain their weight. If they want to eat more and more distract their mind by giving them other activities like music, games. Set an lesson plan so that they can become strong.Social support we can provide social support to the children/person with prader willi syndrome. We can take them out or take them in interesting places. Where they can engage with other people and can connect with them socially. We have to give them some activities that are not think to food so that they cannot concentrate only on food. Encourage them to join some support clubs. there are many clubs who support to the children with this syndrome. They help them to interact socially with people and help them to m anage their diet.Cognitive support provide them education. They might have speech problem and learning problems. Provide them a speech therapist so that they can learn some speech skills. Educate them about managing their own diet and how they can make a routine about their regular diet.

Wedding Planning Needs Assessment

hymeneals Planning Needs AssessmentCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Background conjugal union is once-a- lifetime event in peoples life. For some of families, they be will to spend a considerable amount of money to see to it the hymeneals is organized as everlasting(a) as possible. t all(prenominal)y to Howard ( two hundred6), matrimony today is a $70 billion ancestry in U.S., and the aver historic period cost of marry is $26,000 per couples. As a spinoff the bigger discipline of event management, the craft of nuptials planning will provide business to a broad array of supporting industries, such as hotels, retails, and ply usefulness.Comparing with the other both(prenominal)oneal events, such as birthday, anniversaries, marriage ceremony is to a greater extent complicated, because it involves friends and families and a range of related improvement activities covering from catering to entertainments (Shone counter, 2004). In golf-club to bugger off sure everything goes smoothly in the get hitched with day, nearly of the prospective couples would like to plan the wedding in slightly beats year in advance. some(prenominal) brides and grooms put much effort into the wedding preparation including the venue selection, honeymoon booking and dress design etc. However, not all of them collapse overflowing time and energy and knowledge in wedding planning to arrange everything themselves. They need someone to assist them in wedding planning, budget preparation, planning dot checklists, venue arrangement as advantageously as onsite supervision and coordination on the wedding day. wedlock planners, the passkey dealing with all the details of wedding, provide a one-stop service to authority couples by charging some considerable consultant fee (Wikipedia org, 2009). The spot of the wedding planners is to save time, look after details, make couples dream make sense true, stay on the budget and save money. Wedding planners have become one of the ou tsourced labours in modern society (Blakely, 2007).With the rapid development of the society in the last decade, more and more couples prefer to go to college and start their own c atomic number 18ers after graduation. unification is happening later in brides and grooms life (Mayling, 2002). This means couples have more disposable income to afford the wedding expenses and they ar more likely to look for some special(a) unique wedding styles, such as base wedding, green wedding etc., which probably involves different elements, such as ethic, religious custom, family tradition, class identity, regional practice and individual tastes and preference (Howard, 2006). As a result, wedding planners, who atomic number 18 providing professional advices and assistance to the couples from the moment of distributing the invitations, arranging the style of cake ceremony, table setting, and setting for banquet, are necessarily needed and developed dramatically (Markby, 2006).1.2 Wedding in Ch inaIn traditional Chinese culture, marriage was creating alliances between families. in that respectfore, it was strictly arranged by parents or elder people in families. Wedding should be planned strictly according to the customs. For example, people should choose a good year, a good month, a good day as well as a good time for wedding ceremony and use red in the declaration for everything with the purpose of auspicious. Wedding is also one of the ways for Chinese families to pre displace their social classes therefore the families are willing to spend a large mount of money on wedding, and much of which were supported by parents or relatives.Because of the re organise and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, nowadays, the living standards in China have been dramatically increased. According to the China Statistic Yearbook 2008 (2009), the GDP per capita in Mainland China is increasing steadily and has r for each oneed 18,934 RMB in 2007. At the mean time, the social culture is becoming diversified. More and more Chinese people, especially the younger contemporaries who have better education, began to accept the western culture. Most of the prospective couples would like to stick different types of weddings that move make their special day more measurable. For example, some people choose white wedding rather of traditional Chinese red wedding some whitethorn prefer destination wedding instead of having wedding at post, which may require more time and professional planning and organizing byout the wedding preparation. Therefore, wedding planners, as a new business in China, has developed rapidly during the last decade. According to the ministry of commerce of the PRC (2008), wedding service today has become a big business in China covering about 76 industries, such as match qualification business, wedding planning as well as banquets, tourism industries etc. where the photographer has the highest gather that is above 30% while the wedding planner is 15%. The average cast offiture for more than 3.7 million new Chinese couples in 2006 was about 126,600 RMB. establish on the statistics of Ministry of Civil Affairs of the PRC (2009), about 11 million couples got married in 2008 with the growth of 10.8% than 2007. All the statistics above show that wedding business in China has a huge food market and likely.This explore will focus on collect River Delta, the most economically dynamic region in southern part of China. PRD covers nine prefectures of Guangdong province including Guangzhou, Shenzhe, Zhuhai, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Foshan, Huizhou, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing and has become one of the leading economic regions and a major manufacturing center of China, which accounted for 10.2% of Chinas GDP. People in PRD have more purchasing power than the other region. The per capita GDP in PRD ranges from 35,700 to 79,600 RMB which is much higher than the national per capita GDP (HKTDC, 2008). Because of the advantages of its location an d open-door policy, PRD became the first region in China which appropriateed the international investments. Thus, apart from the economic strength, people in PRD were influenced by the western cultures earlier than the other places of China.1.3 Research problem statementsDue to the low entry cost in the wedding planning business, the number of wedding planners has increased rapidly in China in the last decade. Generally, two to three persons having relevant planning cognise can establish a wedding planning company with around 100,000 RMB investments in China. They just need an office for meeting with clients and an official blog or website for promotion. Despite of the rapid development of the wedding business, the service/product offered by the wedding planners is similar. Comparing with the wedding photo service business, there is a neediness of leading brand in the wedding planning business. With the growth of income level and education level, the couples in China are becoming more and more demanding towards the wedding service/products and face a problem that how to choose a suitable wedding planners who can provide excellent service/product. Thus, from the supply side, identifying and satisfying the authorized and unfulfilled postulate of prospective couples is one of the ways for wedding planners to differentiate their products from the competitors, and make success in the competition.However, there is few studies indentifying prospective couples needs or attitudes toward products or service of wedding planner in Pearl River Delta even though in Chinese mainland, nor research about how well the wedding planners in China is meeting the needs of prospective couples.Therefore, this study will focus on the following questions to find out the needs of prospective couples (demand side) towards the wedding planners in PRD1) Whats the reason for couples hiring wedding planners?2) Whats the factors affecting the selection of wedding planners? Reputation? Pri ce? Or other?3) Do the needs of prospective couples toward wedding planners in Pearl River Delta vary according to the different demographical characteristics?1.4 Research objectivesTo find out the needs of prospective couples when hiring the wedding planners in the Pearl River DeltaTo investigate the blood between the needs for prospective couples and the choice of product/service offered by wedding planners in Pearl River Delta RegionTo investigate how the needs of potential couples are influenced by their demographic profilesTo make recommendations to the wedding planners in Pearl River Delta.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter, the previous studies related to wedding, wedding planners as well as the consumer leveraging behavior will be reviewed.2.1 Nature of weddingFrom the view of sociology, Edward (1987) defined that weddings are rites of passage, which belong to the class of rituals that everywhere mark the transition of a person or persons from one status to another . Wedding therefore becomes a private and highly-personalized event in peoples life. Event is held for a purpose that brings people together to portion out an experience and produce a measurable outcome no matter public or private, commercial or charitable, celebratory or commemorative (Silvers, 2003). Shone and beat (2004) defined the wedding, together with the other personal events (e.g. birthday or anniversaries), as a type of special events. Their phenomenon arise from leisure, heathen, personal or presidential termal objectives which are set apart from the normal activity of daily life and their purpose is to enlighten, celebrate, entertain or challenge the experience of a group of people. The characteristics of special events include personal interactions, ritual or ceremony, intangible, fixed timescale, labor intensive, ambience and service, perish readiness as well as uniqueness. Getz (2007) also defined wedding as a form of planned events because it is held in venues t hat cater to individual and small-group clients which may require professionals or be blamelessly arranged by the participants. From this point of view, Getz (2007) believed that the wedding is a multi-meaning experience in both personal and social aspects, and it is can be considered as celebrations in which a theme and emotional stimulation are inwrought.Although, wedding is normally defined as a type of small or personal events, it is unchanging an area lack of study and research compared with meeting, exhibition, incentives or other events. There is quite a few academic book or journal devoted to the planning and design of weddings, parties or other private functions.2.2 Wedding planners 2.21 The character of wedding plannerArranging an event is complicated as it involves different elements such as the specialist sets, props, customers for participants or guests, and all the range of support requirements from special effects and lighting to music and entertainment. Event mana gement companies are increasingly common in the events business in the last decades, which have specialized in providing of the complete event by careful planning and management. People can enjoy a number of benefits of having an EMC including the expertise, ideas and experience they can draw on (Shone Parry, 2004). Shone and Parry (2004) found that although there are some major companies in the event business, there are a wide range of smaller organizations and individuals that are willing to provide events-related service particular for the personal event market, which include the organization of parties, celebrations, weddings, anniversaries and umteen of similar events. Professional party planners or event organizers are those professional who deal with the nitty-gritty details of planning, organizing, operating and managing an event to ensure everything goes smoothly.According to Wikipedia (2009), wedding planners are the professionals who deal with all the details of the wed ding, which includes planning, organizing, operating and management, to ensure everything goes smoothly and correctly. Ellis-Christensen (2008) defined that wedding planner as an event professional whose responsibility is not only to plan a memorable wedding, but also to prey some professional advices to the couples including the venue selection, equipments preparation etc. They usually act as a wedding advisor, coordinator, supervisor, financial planner and mediator during the wedding (Brush creek Weddings, 2008). Peters (2007) also stated that the range of service offered by wedding planner is widely. nigh may prefer to offer consulting service only while some may prefer to provide comprehensive wedding package. At the meantime, Peters (2007) also pointed out that the global trend of the wedding business has been toward offering total coordination of the entire blessed event from the beginning to the end, which includes identifying the needs of new couples, budget preparation, planning detailed checklist, venue arrangement, identifying the professionals (e.g. florists, photographers etc.) as well as on-site supervision and coordination on the wedding day. The consultant fee varies widely depending on different locations or different packages. The consultant fee may be higher in big cities where disposable income of couples is higher than the other places.2.22 The requirements of a wedding plannerHaving a strong organizational skills as well as an eye for details are necessary and basic requirements for a successful professional meeting planner because meeting process is both comprehensive and meticulous. Moreover, meeting planners must have the ability to work successful under pressure, to react calmly to constant change, and to make quick determinations (OBrien Shaw, 2002).Howard (2006) stressed that wedding planning is highly customer oriented as most of the couples are looking at for special, unique and memorable wedding. Ethic and religious custom , family tradition, class identity, regional practice, and individual tastes and preferences certainly all played a role in shaping wedding economic consumption. Peters (2007) suggested that good communication skills, good organizational skills as well as good interpersonal skills are very essential for being a successful wedding planner, because wedding planners act as a middle person who deals with both clients and suppliers.The appearance of the professional wedding organization was an important benchmark in the rise of wedding planner business, indicating that wedding planning service today are more and more professional. These professional organizations service wedding planners naturalize particular customs and practices on a potentially national scale by sharing etiquette and customs. They provide some training cross for wedding planners. Getting a certificate from professional organization has became one of the evidences for professional and made the customer confident wit h the service quality. Additionally, the organization also centralise and rationalized a consultants business, providing important resources and information regarding the markets as well as the trend (Howard, 2006).2.23 Demand of wedding plannersWedding is an important event in peoples life that many people are willing to organize by themselves on the small and more intimate scale. However, not all of them have the time and wish to expend the effort on doing so and happier to pay a professional to come along and deal with all the details of planning, organizing, operating and managing to ensure everything goes smoothly (Shone Parry, 2006).According to Blakely (2007), the supply of commercial service increases dramatically along with the growth of demands for family jobs. Wedding planners are a form of outsourced labor in the modern society. These jobs which are transported from home to the public marketplace are responding to the time crunch produced by work-family conflict. From this point of view, Blakely defined wedding planners as commercial substitutes.Besides, Edwards (1987) conducted a research to examine the relationship between the weddings commercial development and its nature as a rite of passage. He found that the reason of the success of the wedding business was the convenience offered by the wedding planners and the demand from consumers for larger and more sumptuous celebrations. Consumers were looking for a wide range of wedding-related service (one-stop service) through a single organization.2.4 The trendFirstly, the wedding today tends to be more customized than before. According to Hensdill (1996), because of the cultural exchange among the global village, traditional wedding customs are giving way to the trends of Western societies. Some new styles of wedding exist, such as theme wedding, destination wedding and green wedding, because more and more couples are looking for unique wedding.Destination wedding is a new wedding style that a co uple decides to hold their wedding in a location where neither one of them resides (Daniels Loveless, 2007). There are several top destinations for wedding in the world, such as Caribbean, Las Vegas, Hawaii as well as Maldives. Generally, some special theme may be adopted into the destination wedding. For example, hotel in Las Vegas has organized Italian-style wedding for wedding couples (Stratton, 2001). Moreover, the destination wedding often merges into the honeymoon (Daniels Loveless, 2007).Secondly, the internet and e-commerce has shaped the modern wedding consumption and gave it a new immediacy and flexibility. As a result, the wedding planners can target different segments of the bridal markets through developing website that advertised their goods and services and allowed consumers to make agreement or shop directly through their online site (Howard, 2006).2.2 Consumer leveraging behaviors toward weddingConsumer behavior is defined as the behavior that consumers display i n peeping form, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they await will satisfy their needs. It focuses on how individuals make findings to spend their available resources (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007).2.32 Factors affecting consumer purchasesAs people are willing to devote time and effort to the ritual occasions like Christmas and Thanksgiving, some researches regarding the types of purchases associated with ritual occasions have been conducted by researchers in consumer behavior (Lowery, 1994). According to some market analysis, consumer purchase behavior is strongly influenced by social, cultural and individual characteristics.a) Social factorsAccording to Schiffman and Kanuk (2007), consumer behavior is influenced by two major groups, namely the reference group and families.A reference group that is perceived as credible, attractive, or powerful can induce consumer attitude and behavior change (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2007)Based on the traditional f amily life rhythm method of birth control, the prospective couples belong to the order II, honeymooners, who have available a combined income that often permits a lifestyle that provides them with the opportunities of more indulgent purchasing of professions, which means that the honeymooners are happy to accept the professional products and service and willing to pay more money for them as they pursuit high quality of life. The reason hidden croupe may be because they have more disposable income and more free time for themselves before the born of young children. Additionally, for the newlyweds, the advice and experience of other married couples (e.g. parents or friends) are likely to be important when they start-up their expenses to establish a new home (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007).For many consumers their family is their primary reference group for many attitudes and behaviors. The members of a family grow specific roles in their everyday functioning such roles or tasks extend to the realm of consumer purchase decisions. Key consumer-related roles of family members include influencers, gatekeepers, deciders, buyers, preparers, users, maintainers, and disposers. A familys decision-making style is influenced by its lifestyle, roles, and cultural factors. (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007).Different social classes have different preferences in clothing, home decoration and leisure activities as well as saving, spending and credit habits. Based on the market study by Brides magazine, 20% of the buyers of the wedding products identified themselves as buyers of Brides magazine who were mainly middle class women employed in white-collar, professional and practiced fields and had higher medium annual income, when combined with their future husbands. This means that the bride had more control over future consumer decisions that the couple would make (Howard, 2006).Another research about the division of wedding labor and its meaning for couples by Sniezek (2005) indicated tha t women complete the a disproportionate amount of wedding work just as women do more of kin-work, housework, childcare and managerial family work. He also pointed out that couples were not likely to label the unequal division of labor as unfair which may potentially put the relationship in a state of conflict. From this point of view, his statement highly support Blakelys study (2007) which stated that the wedding planning businesss targeted market is modern career women. Blakely also used the case study of wedding planning to confirm Hochschilds thesis (2003) that feminism plays and important ideological role in the expansion of the commodity frontier.However, after comparison of the emphases that brides and grooms place on artifacts selected for use in their weddings and reception, Lowery (1994) found out that the brides participating in the focus group had no difficulty describing artifacts that were important to them while grooms had greater difficulty. They also suggest that th e emergence of traditional or modern gender roles in wedding planning is partially determined by the attitudes of the bride and groom toward these roles. This is also proved by Schiffman Kanuk (2007) that wedding purchase is a joint-decision in the family where the couples may play different roles in the decision making procedure.b) Cultural factorsCulture is the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to regulate the consumer behavior of member of a particular society. (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007)When explaining how culture affects the consumer behavior, Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) indicated that all phases of human problem solving are directed and guided by culture, which includes various ritualized experiences and behaviors. For instance, in practice, rituals accompany with people throughout the human life cycle form birth to death, including a host of intermediate events such as confirmation, graduations and marriage. Besides the culture, subculture also plays a n important in consumers behavior which includes nationality, religion, geographic, location, race, age and sex. For example, when comparing the husband-wife decision making between United States and China, Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) found out that there were substantially fewer joint decisions and more husband-dominated decisions for many household purchases in China. Even in the same country, another research showed that in larger city like Beijing, couples were more likely than rural couples to share equally in purchase decisions.c) exclusive factorsApart from the social and cultural factors which affecting the consumer behavior, individual factors play an important role when people make decision (Dholakia, 1979). Schiffman Kanuk (2005) explained the influences of the individual factors through several categories motivation, personality, perception, knowledge as well as attitudes. As a driving force within individuals that force them to take actions, motivation is produced by a state of ill at ease(predicate) tension unsatisfied needs. Liking to our topic, hiring the wedding planner may be motivated by the needs of couples, such as lack of time for preparation, looking for professional service etc. Personality determines and reflects how a person responds to his or her environment. Generally, people are looking for the balance between the perceived self-image and their behavior including the purchasing products or service. Some may prefer innovative wedding style (e.g. destination wedding, green wedding) while the other may choose traditional wedding. Moreover, each individual has its own process when he or she selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. This process is highly subjective and is based on what the consumer expect to see. There are several factors that can influence the perception including physical appearance, stereotypes, halo effects, irrelevant cues, first impressions, and the tendenc y to jump to conclusions.2.3 Theoretical foundation- Consumer decision making processThis research is based on consumer decision making process, which is one of the theories of consumer behavior. Decisions are about the selection of an option from two or more resource choices. According to Kotler, Bowen and Makens (2006), consumer decision process consists of five essential stages2.31 Need recognitionFrom the moment that the consumer recognizes a problem or need, the consumer buying process starts. The consumers needs can be stimulated by both internal and external factors. Advertisements, word-of-mouth, social cues from families, friends and anyone within the families can influence the customers need recognition. In the case of wedding planner, potential couples, their internal stimuli probably is lacking of time for preparation, looking for some unique and special wedding while the external stimuli may be the advertisement in the internet, the promotional events held by wedding p lanners, especially by the friends or families who have previous experience.2.32 Information searchSearching information about their needs or problems is the instant step of buying process. How much information a consumer looks for will depend on the strength of the drive, and the amount of initial information, the value placed on additional information. Linking to the wedding planners, couples will take some time for information searching. This is a stage that couples can decide if they would like to hire a wedding planners or if the products/service offered by wedding planner can satisfy their needs.2.33 Evaluation of alternativesAfter searching the relevant information, customers will use the information to draw at a set of final brand choices. At this stage, potential couples may set up a personal comparison system through different attributes such as reputation, price, theme etc., in order to identify which would be the most ideal brand.2.34 Purchase decisionSubsequently, con sumer will buy the most preferred brand based on their evaluation in the previous stage. This is the stage that potential couples choose which brand, what kind of services and check if the product/service is available. This is also the stage that potential couples decide if they would like to hire a wedding planner or not.2.35 Post-purchase behaviorBased on the performance of the service/products, the final stage determines whether the consumer satisfy the service/products or not.2.4 SummaryAfter reviewing the previous studies related to wedding and wedding planners, we can find out that most of the studies were conducted in the developed countries such as U.S or United Kingdom, while there is a blank area regarding this field in China. Moreover, there is itty-bitty study regarding the consumer purchase behavior towards the wedding planners conducted before. This research will based on the theories of consumer behavior to conduct three in-depth interviews to find out the reasons fo r potential couples hiring wedding planners and the factors affecting their decision. Then, a quantitative research will be conducted to express the findings in statistical hurt.CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYThis research will be designed as an exploratory, quantitative, cross-sectional investigation of prospective couples needs towards the service/products offered by wedding planners in Pearl River Delta.3.1 Research DesignThe advantage of semi-structure interviews is that it can allow issues to be explored deeply while questionnaire survey is that it can collect information from a large number of people and express the findings in statistical terms (Jennings, 2001). As limited study regarding the needs of potential couples towards the wedding service has been conduced in China so far, for this research, the important variables are not clear and still need to be defined. In order to develop a more reliable questionnaire to conduct quantitative research at the second stage, the first stage is to explore the important variables through a qualitative research. In-depth interviews with three potential couples will be conducted, which will facilitate the identifying the different requirements made by potential couples when selecting the wedding planners. These in-depth interviews are critical for the whole research because the finding of these interviews will be used to develop the questionnaire.3.2 Questionnaire designThere will be intravenous feeding main parts in the questionnaire. The first part will be the screening questions with the purpose of screening the invalid sample through some questions. Then, the second part will include some questions regarding the prospective couples attitudes towards the service/products offered by wedding planners in Pearl River Delta. Respondents are required to indicate their personal opinions on each statement on a five-point Likert type scale 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. In the third part, open-end questions will b e included in order to examine the personal experience and intention of hiring a wedding planner. Finally, there will be a set of questions regarding the demographic characteristics of the respondents, which will include gender, age, income level, marriage status, and education level.In order to explain the purpose of the research to the respondents, a covering letter will be accustomed to the questionnaire. The covering letter will include the information that how the sample was selected, the time will take to complete the survey, contact person for questions and assuring the reply would be kept confidential and only used for statistical purposes.3.3 Sampling methodThe survey will use a convenience sampling method. Total 200 questionnaires will be distributed in 5 major cities in PRD, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Dongguan and Zhongshan. Both non-married and married couples will be the target respondents in this survey. In order to ensure that the relevance of information collecte d can reflect the populations opinion, females under 20-year-old (Minimum age of legal marriage for female in China) or males under 22 (Minimum age of legal marriage for male in China) will not be counted as a valid sample.3.4 Data CollectionThe data will be collected from 5 major cities in Pear River Delta including Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Dongguan and Zhongshan, through different ways including face-to-face interviews and self-completion questionnaires.3.41 Face-to-face interviewsIn order to have higher response rate, in the first phase, the face-to-face interviews with potential couples will be conducted at the wedding service companies when they are waiting for the service or outside the Marriage Registries in those cities.3.42 Self-completion questionnairesAt the second phase, self-completion questionnaires will be sent out through e-mail or online survey link, which allows the participants to complete the questionnaires at their own quadriceps and at a time convenient fo r them. In order to secure respondent rate, 2 weeks later, a follow-up letter will be sent out.3.5 Pilot testsBefore the distributing the questionnaires to the targeted respondents, a

Military Ethics †Humanitarian Aid in Somalia Essay -- Somalian Histor

In August of 1992, death chair George Bush Sr. sent US soldiers into Somalia to provide humanitarian relief to those Somalis suffering from starvation. The major problems in Somalia started when President Mohammed Siad Barre was overthrown by a coalition of opposing clans. Although there were several opposing groups, the prominent one was led by Mohammed Farah Aidid. Following the overthrow of Barre, a abundant power struggle ensued. These small scale civil wars led to the destruction of the agriculture in Somalia, which in turn led to the deprivation of provender in large parts of the country. When the international community heard of this, large quantities of food were sent to ease Somali suffering. However, clan leaders like Aidid routinely hijacked food and exchanged it for weapons leaving thousands to starve to death. An estimated 300,000 Somalis died between 1991 and 1992 (Clancy 234-236). US soldiers were later sent into Somalia to capture Aidid, but when the operation got bloody, displeasing the American public, Clinton withdrew troops (Battersby 151). In The pietism of War, Brian Orend outlines ethical guidelines that should be followed in all three stages of war jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and jus post bellum. Orend states that a nation can be moral expiry into war, but immoral coming out of one. Did the US act justly in all facets of the Somali conflict? The United States espoused all the guiding principles of jus ad bellum but right intent, upheld the principals of jus in bello, and clearly failed to uphold several aspects of jus post bellum during the armed humanitarian intervention in Somalia.Jus ad bellum is defined as jurist of war and is recognized as the ethics leading up to war (Orend 31). Orend contends that an... ...ed to uphold to the standards of jus post bellum. It is evident when one looks at Somalia today. Somalia still lacks a affectionate central government and several thousands, if not millions, of Somalis are at risk of sta rvation due to drought. Again, the United States entered the conflict failing to adhere to all the principals of jus ad bellum, espousing the principles of jus in bello, and inadequately upholding those of jus post bellum. The US entered the war an unjust nation, and left the conflict in a rather unjust manner. As a result, Somalia faces gruesomeness over two decades later with no signs of a hasty recovery. Even worse, with the problem lingering and the international debt crisis, few countries are willing to intervene in Africa to cut out a solution. How long will the world let Somali people starve and whose job is it to intervene if America is unwilling?

Exposing Boundaries in Wilsons Fences :: Wilson Fences Essays

Exposing Boundaries in Fences   Fences is a play that deals with boundaries that hold people back and the trials and tribulations of those who try or wish to cross them. The characters are African-Americans in a time before the civil rights movement, living in an industrial city. The main character, Troy Manxson, is a ingenious baseball player who never had the chance to let his talent shine, with restrictions on race and his time in jail as the main obstacles that held him back. He is today hard working and loves his family. However, he tends to exaggerate and has his faults, most prevalent a wandering eye when it comes to women. His wife, Rose, is younger than him and loyal, but she may not have cognize about all of his faults when she married him. At the beginning of the play, Troy has a son from a previous marriage, Lyons, and a son with Rose, Cory. Also appearing are Bono, Troys drinking buddy, and Gabriel, his brother. All of the characters are fenced in, by vari ous barriers. Troy is working in a job where African Americans can arse about the lowest and most difficult tasks. On the home front, he has responsibilities to his family. Rose has chosen life with Troy as an alternative to a succession of abusive men and their babies, a life of partying, or the Church. Troys son, Lyons, is supposedly a musician but is going nowhere. Cory has potential but has his dream of performing college football extinguished by both protective and jealous Troy. The characters must deal with hardships of daily life, racial discrimination, straining relationships with each other, and the feeling that this is all their lives are somewhat of a confined space with no escape fenced in. Troys brother Gabriel, although minor, is important to the play for many reasons. The most important is that time Gabriel perhaps has highest and most impassable fence around him, he is the only one who ignores it he is not bounded, at least not in his avow mind. Gabriel is seven years younger than Troy. They were both in a large family with a frustrated and abusive father. Gabe is the only family Troy speaks with now. Injured in domain War II, Gabriel had part of his head blown away. He now has a metal plate and is confused and somewhat delusional.